边界补给量计算方法在宋桥井田的应用研究

利用宋桥井田奥灰群孔抽水试验资料,根据补（隔）水边界水位曲线的特征,采用半对数直线图解法,将井田F2-9断层定性为补给边界。为了解补给边界的补给量,选用边界补给量计算方法．计算出了边界补给量占孔流量的65％,从而较客观地确定了井田水文地质条件类型。     

不同地表条件下土壤冻结、融化规律分析

土壤温度是土壤热状况的综合表征指标,以深耕休闲裸地作为对照,分析了不同地表条件下土壤的冻融过程。结果表明,土壤的冻融作用具有阶段性,不同冻融阶段,土壤具有不同的冻结、融化特点。不同地表处理条件土壤的冻结、融化特点亦不同。     

南京下蜀土结构强度研究

利用常规三轴试验,研究了南京下蜀土结构强度及其影响因素。结果表明,下蜀土存在明显的结构性。当应变小于屈服应变时,土体的结构强度迅速的发挥;当应变大于屈服应变时,土体结构发生破坏,结构强度逐渐降低;最终当各个结构单元重新排列稳定时,土体结构完全被破坏。讨论了围压和含水量对结构强度的影响,结果表明南京下蜀土土体的结构强度和围压无关,和含水量有良好的幂函数关系。结构强度与非饱和土中吸附强度有一定的关系,可以用结构强度代替吸力,从而简化非饱和土抗剪强度公式。      

济阳县土壤元素有效量及其影响因素研究

通过对济阳县生态地球化学调查研究,该区受成土母质来源、土壤类型、地形地貌及其理化性质等因素影响,土壤元素全量、有效量及有效度表现为：低平洼地土壤中K,P,N,Se,Mn,Fe,Zn,Cu和Mo全量较高,P,N,Se和Cu有效量较高,显示为低平洼地为黏质成分的沉积成因特点;而决口扇形地区土壤Cu,Mo,N,Zn,B有效量和全量均偏低。富含有机质,且pH相对较低的潮土中Se,Cu,Mo和B等元素有效度较高,贫有机质、pH相对较高的草甸风沙土中N,Fe,Cu,Mo,B和S等元素有效量较低,但K有效量和有效度均较高。统计分析表明,土壤中K,P,N,S和Cu等元素全量与有效量间具显著正相关性,表明全量是有效量的重要影响控制因素;有机质含量与K,P,Zn,Cu和B有效度间为显著正相关,说明有机质较高有利于土壤元素活化;Fe,P,S,Zn,B和Cu有效度与pH值为显著负相关,表明土壤酸性增强会增加这类元素的生物有效性。     

基于Monte Carlo-BP神经网络TBM掘进速度预测

预测隧道工程中TBM掘进速度,主要有完全经验的、半理论半经验的模型和人工智能等方法,所用参数均为确定性的,未考虑参数存在的随机性,故导致预测结果的不准确性。基于此,提出了Monte Carlo-BP神经网络TBM掘进速度预测模型,着重考虑了一些重要输入参数的随机性, 其中输入参数重要性的大小通过粗糙集进行计算排序。采用Monte Carlo产生随机数时,由于参量的样本数据的有限,分布函数均采用阶梯形经验分布函数。如果采用的数据是来自不同类型的 TBM,则应当考虑机器性能参数,并重新对参数重要性进行排序。实例计算表明,Monte Carlo-BP神经网络模型预测结果和实测值总体趋势和均值比较一致。     

基于VBA的储层评价数据处理方法

针对储层评价工作中存在数据处理繁琐、易出错的问题,根据参数间的内在关系,利用Excel内嵌的VBA语言编写了储层评价数据处理程序.该程序以井斜数据、井数据、分层数据、砂体数据、测井解释成果表及夹层数据为基础,分析储层评价工作中数据间的关系,设计了相应的算法,实现了井斜校正、按层统计砂体厚度及计算砂地比、夹层统计、自动扣除夹层及有效厚度计算、储层特征参数和储量计算参数集总、坐标添加及常用绘图软件数据格式转化等功能.     

Water content and land use history controlling soil CO2 respiration and carbon stock in savanna soil and groundnut fields in semi-arid Senegal

Decomposition of soil organic carbon (SOC) regulates the partitioning between soil C-stock and release of CO₂ to the atmosphere and is vital for soil fertility. Agricultural expansion followed by decreasing amounts of SOC and soil fertility is a problem mainly seen in tropical agro-ecosystems where fertilizers are in short supply. This paper focuses on factors influencing temporal trends in soil respiration measured as CO₂ effluxes in grass savanna compared with groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) fields in the semi-arid part of Senegal in West Africa. Based on laboratory experiments, soil CO₂ production has been expressed as a function of temperature and soil water content by fit equations. Field measurements included soil CO₂ effluxes, soil temperatures and water contents. Effluxes in grass savanna and groundnut fields during the dry season were negligible, while effluxes during the rainy season were about 3–8 μmol CO₂ m^?2 s^?1, decreasing to less than 1 μmol by the end of the growing season. Annual soil CO₂ production was simulated to be in the range of 31–38 mol C m^?2. Furthermore, a controlled water addition experiment revealed the importance of rain during the dry season for the overall turnover of soil organic matter.     

Diversity of filamentous fungi isolated from the soil in the semiarid area,Pernambuco, Brazil

The Caatinga (dryland) biome of Brazil is experiencing accentuated desertification due to deforestation and inappropriate uses of its natural resources. Studies examining the diversity of filamentous fungi in Caatinga soils are still scarce and the present work was designed to isolate and identify the soil fungi of this biome in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. Soil samples were taken at five random sites during the dry and rainy seasons from the soil surface and at depths of 20 cm. A total of 85 species of filamentous fungi were identified, including species of anamorphic fungi (71 species), Zygomycota (8) and Ascomycota (6). The most abundant genera were Aspergillus (28) and Penicillium (18). No significant differences were observed in the numbers of colony forming units in samples taken during either the rainy or dry seasons, or from surface or subsurface soils. Most of the fungi species isolated from caatinga soils were classified as rare. Our results indicate that anamorphic fungi dominate the soil mycobiota in the Brazilian semiarid region, with species of Aspergillus and Penicillium being most common.     

Disruption rates for one vulnerable soil in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument,Arizona, USA

Rates of soil disruption from hikers and vehicle traffic are poorly known, particularly for arid landscapes. We conducted an experiment in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument (ORPI) in western Arizona, USA, on an air-dry very fine sandy loam that is considered to be vulnerable to disruption. We created variable-pass tracks using hikers, an all-terrain vehicle (ATV), and a four-wheel drive vehicle (4WD) and measured changes in cross-track topography, penetration depth, and bulk density. Hikers (one pass = 5 hikers) increased bulk density and altered penetration depth but caused minimal surface disruption up to 100 passes; a minimum of 10 passes were required to overcome surface strength of this dry soil. Both ATV and 4WD traffic significantly disrupted the soil with one pass, creating deep ruts with increasing passes that rendered the 4WD trail impassable after 20 passes. Despite considerable soil loosening (dilation), bulk density increased in the vehicle trails, and lateral displacement created berms of loosened soil. This soil type, when dry, can sustain up to 10 passes of hikers but only one vehicle pass before significant soil disruption occurs; greater disruption is expected when soils are wet. Bulk density increased logarithmically with applied pressure from hikers, ATV, and 4WD.     

Response of the soil water content of mobile dunes to precipitation patterns in Inner Mongolia,northern China

We analyzed the relationship between soil water content (SWC) dynamics in mobile dunes to a depth of 100 cm and precipitation patterns from June to July 2010 in the Horqin Sand Land. The precipitation was dominated by small events of 0.1–3.0 mm, which accounted for 52% of the total events. Precipitation >20 mm had the highest intensity, accounting for 50% of the total precipitation. SWC differed significantly among the soil layers: mean SWC was greatest from 80 to 100 cm and lowest from 40 to 60 cm. SWC from 0 to 100 cm was significantly affected by relative humidity, water barometric pressure and minimum temperature, and the SWC of 0–40 cm was obviously influenced by precipitation amount and wind velocity. Precipitation <5 mm did not replenish SWC, precipitation between 5 and 20 mm provided some replenishment to SWC from 0 to 40 cm, and precipitation >20 mm increased significantly SWC from 0 to 100 cm. In addition, precipitation intensity significantly affected the infiltration rate, with higher intensity leading to deeper and faster infiltration. At longer intervals between precipitation events, SWC in each soil layer decreased continuously over time; however, SWC from 0 to 80 cm changed little within the first 3 days, and SWC from 0 to 100 cm started to decrease greatly after 5 days.