地震作用下锚固边坡稳定性数值分析

地震诱发的边坡失稳是一种重要的地震地质灾害类型,本文结合工程实例,利用有限差分软件FLAC3D 建立了一个边坡的数值分析模型。对比分析了静力状态下锚固前后边坡的塑性区、水平位移和滑移面,地震作用下锚固前后边坡的塑性区、各个时刻的水平位移、锚杆轴力分布和塑性状态,然后分析了边坡的稳定性,并探讨了边坡破坏的机理。数值分析结果表明:锚杆对边坡的加固效果十分显著; 锚杆在发挥锚固作用时主要受拉,且随着锚杆位置高程的增加,锚杆的轴力减小; 有无锚杆支护的边坡在地震作用下的破坏方式不同。研究结果为锚固边坡的抗震设计提供了参考依据。     

Effects from diaphragm wall installation to surrounding soil and adjacent buildings

A new approach for simulating the excavation and construction of subsequent panels is proposed to investigate the effects from the installation of diaphragm walls on the surrounding and adjacent buildings. The method has been combined with a 3-D nonlinear analysis and a constitutive law providing bulk and shear modulus variation, depending on the stress path (loading, unloading, reloading). From the application of the method in a normally to slightly over-consolidated clayey soil it was found that the panel length is the most affecting factor of ground movements and lateral stress reduction during panel installation. Moreover, from the evaluation of horizontal stress reduction and the variation of horizontal displacements arises that the effects from the construction of a panel are mainly limited to a zone within a distance of the order of the panel length. The effects on an adjacent building have also been investigated by applying a full soil–structure interaction including the whole building. Settlement profiles and settlements are given at specific points as increasing with subsequent installation of panels, providing the ability of specific monitoring guidelines for the upcoming construction of the diaphragm wall in front of the building. Contrary to lateral movements, which mostly take place at the panel under construction, it was found that the effect of settlements covers a larger area leading to a progressive settlement increase. The effect highly depends on the distance from the panel under construction.     

中国东部土壤温度、湿度变化的长期趋势及其与气候背景的联系

利用1971—2000年中国722站逐月的土壤温度资料和1981—1998年178站逐旬的土壤湿度观测资料,分析了中国东部土壤温度、湿度变化的长期趋势及其与气温、降水变化的关系。结果表明：①我国东部土壤温度的变化在年际—年代际时间尺度上存在明显的区域性差异,其中东北地区表现为持续上升型,而西北东部—华北、江淮和西南—华南地区均为先降后升型;②1970—2000年代,土壤温度的变化在东北以及西北东部—华北地区有显著的上升趋势,而在江淮和西南—华南地区,总体而言变化趋势不显著。此外,1980—1990年代,各区域土壤湿度的变化趋势均不显著;③在年际—年代际尺度上,各区域土壤温度和气温的变化具有显著的正相关关系,而土壤湿度与土壤温度的变化普遍呈负相关关系,其中尤以西北东部—华北地区最为显著。而在较长的时间尺度上,土壤湿度与降水的变化仍然存在较好的正相关关系。     

Hydrothermal pattern of frozen soil in Nam Co lake basin,the Tibetan Plateau

Hydrothermal processes and the regimes of frozen soil formed in alpine regions with glaciers and lake area are complex and important for ecological environment but have not been studied in Tibet. Based on soil temperature and moisture data from October 2005 to September 2006 collected in the Nam Co lake basin, Tibetan Plateau (TP), those questions were discussed. The mean annual air temperature was −3.4°C with 8 months below 0°C. Air and soil temperature varied between −25.3~13.1°C and −10.3~8.8°C, respectively. Soil moisture variations in the active layer were small with the minimum value of 1.4%, but were influenced greatly by snowmelt, rainfall and evaporation, varying up to 53.8%. The active layer froze later, thawed earlier and was thinner, however, the lower altitude limit of permafrost is higher than that in most areas of TP. The effects of soil moisture (unfrozen water content) on soil temperature, which were estimated through proposed models, were more significant near ground surface than the other layers. The surface soil temperature decreased with snowcover, the effect of cold snow meltwater infiltration on soil thermal conditions was negligible, however, the effect of rainfall infiltration was evident causing thermal disruptions.     

Nematode distribution in cultivated and undisturbed soils of Guinea Savannah and Semi-deciduous Forest zones of Ghana

Climate change affects air temperature, sea levels as well as the soil and its ecosystem. The Guinea Savannah and Semi-deciduous Forest zones of Ghana are characterized by different climatic conditions and vegetative cover. Annual average temperature has been steadily increasing whilst annual total rainfall has been decreasing in both zones, and this has been causing a southward shift of the Savannah into the Forest zone. Soil organisms provide crucial ecosystem services which are required for sustainable agriculture and food production yet crop cultivation disturbs the soil ecosystem. The harsh conditions associated with the Savannah further expose the soil ecosystem to disturbance and loss of biodiversity which threatens food production and security. Soil nematodes are the most abundant animals in the soil and play a central and critical role in the soil food web complex. Studying the nematode community structure gives a reflection of the status of the entire soil ecosystem. Soil samples were taken from cultivated and natural landscapes in the Guinea Savannah and Semi-deciduous Forest agroecological zones to analyse the nematode community. Results from the study showed the Guinea Savannah zone recording warmer soil temperatures, lower organic matter percentage and lower nematode diversity(Genus Richness) as compared to the Semi-deciduous Forest zone. If the Savannah continues to shift southward, the Forest zone soil ecosystem risks disturbance and loss of biodiversity due to the harsh Savannah conditions. Our findings indicate that prevailing crop cultivation practices also disturb soil ecosystem in the two ecological zones which span across West Africa. A disturbed soil ecosystem endangers the future of food production and food security.     

Assessment of soil–pile–structure interaction influencing seismic response of mid-rise buildings sitting on floating pile foundations

The role of the seismic soil–pile–structure interaction (SSPSI) is usually considered beneficial to the structural system under seismic loading since it lengthens the lateral fundamental period and leads to higher damping of the system in comparison with the fixed-base assumption. Lessons learned from recent earthquakes show that fixed-base assumption could be misleading, and neglecting the influence of SSPSI could lead to unsafe design particularly for structures founded on soft soils. In this study, in order to better understand the SSPSI phenomena, a series of shaking table tests have been conducted for three different cases, namely: (i) fixed-base structure representing the situation excluding the soil–structure interaction; (ii) structure supported by shallow foundation on soft soil; and (iii) structure supported by floating (frictional) pile foundation in soft soil. A laminar soil container has been designed and constructed to simulate the free field soil response by minimising boundary effects during shaking table tests. In addition, a fully nonlinear three dimensional numerical model employing FLAC3D has been adopted to perform time-history analysis on the mentioned three cases. The numerical model adopts hysteretic damping algorithm representing the variation of the shear modulus and damping ratio of the soil with the cyclic shear strain capturing the energy absorbing characteristics of the soil. Results are presented in terms of the structural response parameters most significant for the damage such as foundation rocking, base shear, floor deformation, and inter-storey drifts. Comparison of the numerical predictions and the experimental data shows a good agreement confirming the reliability of the numerical model. Both experimental and numerical results indicate that soil–structure interaction amplifies the lateral deflections and inter-storey drifts of the structures supported by floating pile foundations in comparison to the fixed base structures. However, the floating pile foundations contribute to the reduction in the lateral displacements in comparison to the shallow foundation case, due to the reduced rocking components.     

Proposed nonlinear 3-D analytical method for piled raft foundations

The load distribution and deformation of piled raft foundations subjected to axial and lateral loads were investigated by a numerical analysis and field case studies. Special attention is given to the improved analytical method (YSPR) proposed by considering raft flexibility and soil nonlinearity. A load transfer approach using p–y, t–z and q–z curves is used for the analysis of piles. An analytical method of the soil–structure interaction is developed by taking into account the soil spring coupling effects based on the Filonenko-Borodich model. The proposed method has been verified by comparing the results with other numerical methods and field case studies on piled raft. Through comparative studies, it is found that the proposed method in the present study is in good agreement with general trend observed by field measurements and, thus, represents a significant improvement in the prediction of piled raft load sharing and settlement behavior.     

内蒙古达塞脱东区土壤地球化学异常特征及找矿效果

内蒙古达塞脱东区位于锡林浩特—东乌旗多金属成矿带东段,成矿地质条件有利,但地表基岩出露少,第四系大片覆盖,找矿难度大。土壤地球化学测量从西到东圈定出三个SN向异常带,依据元素组合特征和分带理论,指出Ⅰ号异常带和Ⅱ号异常带东侧异常处于矿体前缘晕,Ⅲ号异常带处于矿体中前部,Ⅱ号异常带西侧异常处于矿体尾晕,异常存在较明显的水平分带性,推测矿体剥蚀程度存在由浅到深的变化趋势,后期地表槽探和钻探已在Ⅰ、Ⅱ号异常带分别发现了2个银多金属矿体和1个铅锌矿化体,且矿（化）体赋存部位、展布方向、规模与化探异常吻合性很好,化探工作在该区取得了很好的找矿效果。     

重庆金佛山地区土壤酸度分布特点及影响因素研究

通过15个剖面样品分析,对金佛山北坡土壤酸度分布特点及影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,金佛山地区土壤酸度分布呈现p H平均值偏低、变异较大的特点: 山腰志留系砂页岩区土壤酸度大于灰岩区的土壤酸度;在石灰岩区,山顶的土壤酸度则比坡腰和山脚的大,缓坡地带的土壤酸度比陡坡地带的大。山腰和坡脚p H值较高,体现了植被状况和人类干扰的共同影响,而页岩区土壤酸度较灰岩的大,则反映了成壤母质的影响作用。      

广西弄拉峰丛山区土壤有机质与微量营养元素有效态

以广西弄拉峰丛山区为例探讨岩溶区偏碱性条件下土壤有机质与有效态养分含量之间的相关关系。结果表明土壤有机质可显著影响有效态养分含量。主要微量营养元素的有效态多大于其缺素临界值,但存在潜在缺素的可能性。有机质与有效态锌、铁和硼均存在三种函数类型的正显著水平相关关系,反映出土壤有机质与它们的关系密切且稳定。说明有机质含量的增加,有利于提高有效锌、铁和硼的含量。前两者以指数函数类型建立的回归方程最好,后者以幂函数类型建立的回归方程最好。有效态锰与有机质较符合幂函数方程,呈显著负相关。