全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1986篇 |
免费 | 279篇 |
国内免费 | 258篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 97篇 |
大气科学 | 252篇 |
地球物理 | 756篇 |
地质学 | 925篇 |
海洋学 | 37篇 |
天文学 | 5篇 |
综合类 | 102篇 |
自然地理 | 349篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 5篇 |
2023年 | 17篇 |
2022年 | 27篇 |
2021年 | 24篇 |
2020年 | 56篇 |
2019年 | 51篇 |
2018年 | 28篇 |
2017年 | 69篇 |
2016年 | 119篇 |
2015年 | 109篇 |
2014年 | 136篇 |
2013年 | 100篇 |
2012年 | 81篇 |
2011年 | 139篇 |
2010年 | 77篇 |
2009年 | 170篇 |
2008年 | 157篇 |
2007年 | 124篇 |
2006年 | 122篇 |
2005年 | 113篇 |
2004年 | 85篇 |
2003年 | 70篇 |
2002年 | 72篇 |
2001年 | 85篇 |
2000年 | 55篇 |
1999年 | 53篇 |
1998年 | 57篇 |
1997年 | 42篇 |
1996年 | 35篇 |
1995年 | 37篇 |
1994年 | 37篇 |
1993年 | 25篇 |
1992年 | 23篇 |
1991年 | 19篇 |
1990年 | 12篇 |
1989年 | 13篇 |
1988年 | 9篇 |
1987年 | 11篇 |
1986年 | 10篇 |
1985年 | 9篇 |
1984年 | 14篇 |
1983年 | 6篇 |
1981年 | 2篇 |
1980年 | 3篇 |
1979年 | 4篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1976年 | 2篇 |
1975年 | 1篇 |
1954年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有2523条查询结果,搜索用时 343 毫秒
81.
中国夏季气温对东亚土壤湿度异常响应的统计评估 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
基于欧亚夏季土壤湿度变化特征及其与中国夏季气温的相关分析,选取东亚地区作为土壤湿度异常影响中国夏季气温的陆面关键区,采用广义平衡反馈分析方法(GEFA)探讨了我国夏季气温对东亚地区土壤湿度异常的可能响应,并初步讨论了相关的物理过程。结果表明:中国夏季气温与东亚地区初夏和同期的土壤湿度异常具有密切的联系;进一步分析表明,夏季气温距平场对土壤湿度第一模态的响应最显著:当东亚中纬度及我国东部地区土壤湿度异常偏干时,夏季气温表现为一致增暖;而土壤湿度第二模态对长江流域至我国西部地区的气温有较弱的强迫作用;气温对第三模态的响应主要表现为华南地区的显著降温。并以对气温影响最为显著的土壤湿度异常第一模态为例,初步探讨了气温对土壤湿度异常响应的可能物理过程。当贝加尔湖以南以及我国东部的土壤偏干时,地表异常加热容易引起我国北方高层大气出现明显正异常和低层的反气旋性异常环流,上述环流异常容易导致温度偏高,同时不利于该区域降水的发生,进而导致土壤湿度偏低,上述正反馈机制可能是该区域土壤湿度与大气之间联系的一种可能途径。 相似文献
82.
To date, triple collocation (TC) analysis is one of the most important methods for the global-scale evaluation of remotely sensed soil moisture data sets. In this study we review existing implementations of soil moisture TC analysis as well as investigations of the assumptions underlying the method. Different notations that are used to formulate the TC problem are shown to be mathematically identical. While many studies have investigated issues related to possible violations of the underlying assumptions, only few TC modifications have been proposed to mitigate the impact of these violations. Moreover, assumptions, which are often understood as a limitation that is unique to TC analysis are shown to be common also to other conventional performance metrics. Noteworthy advances in TC analysis have been made in the way error estimates are being presented by moving from the investigation of absolute error variance estimates to the investigation of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) metrics. Here we review existing error presentations and propose the combined investigation of the SNR (expressed in logarithmic units), the unscaled error variances, and the soil moisture sensitivities of the data sets as an optimal strategy for the evaluation of remotely-sensed soil moisture data sets. 相似文献
83.
Soil erodibility, which is difficult to estimate and upscaling, was determined in this study using multiple spectral models of soil properties (soil organic matter (SOM), water-stable aggregates (WSA) > 0.25 mm, the geometric mean radius (Dg)). Herein, the soil erodibility indicators were calculated, and soil properties were quantitatively analyzed based on laboratory simulation experiments involving two selected contrasting soils. In addition, continuous wavelet transformation was applied to the reflectance spectra (350–2500 nm) of 65 soil samples from the study area. To build the relationship, the soil properties that control erodibility were identified prior to the spectral analysis. In this study, the SOM, Dg and WSA >0.25 mm were selected to represent the most significant soil properties controlling erodibility and describe the erodibility indicator based on a logarithmic regression model as a function of SOM or WSA > 0.25 mm. Five, six and three wavelet features were observed to calibrate the estimated soil properties model, and the best performance was obtained with a combination feature regression model for SOM (R2 = 0.86, p < 0.01), Dg (R2 = 0.79, p < 0.01) and WSA >0.25 mm (R2 = 0.61, p < 0.01), respectively. One part of the wavelet features captured amplitude variations in the broad shape of the reflectance spectra, and another part captured variations in the shape and depth of the soil dry substances. The wavelet features for the validated dataset used to predict the SOM, WSA >0.25 mm and Dg were not significantly different compared with the calibrated dataset. The synthesized spectral models of soil properties, and the formation of a new equation for soil erodibility transformed from the spectral models of soil properties are presented in this study. These results show that a spectral analytical approach can be applied to complex datasets and provide new insights into emerging dynamic variation with erodibility estimation. 相似文献
84.
Magnetic Influences of Cement Dust on Soil in Industrial Area and Its Environmental Implications 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
To monitor environmental implications of cement dust on soil in industrial area, magnetic parameters and mineral compositions were measured by the samples of the cement dust, cement factory dustfall, cement, coal ash, topsoil of green space in the factory and topsoil outside the factory. Results showed that the major magnetic minerals in the samples were magnetite, the magnetic mineral particle size of cement dust, dustfall, cement and coal ash was coarse Multi-Domian (MD) and Pseudo-Single-Domain (PSD). As topsoil of green space in the factory and topsoil outside the factory were polluted by cement dust, their magnetic properties had been obviously changed; the concentration of magnetic minerals elevated and particle size became coarser. The magnetic parameters (χfd,χARM/χ,χARM/SIRM) value can reflect the pollution level of the soil, the lower its value was, the more serious soil was polluted. X-ray diffraction results showed that the mineral compositions of the topsoil of green space in the factory and topsoil outside the factory were quartz and calcite, which were the same as cement dust. Magnetic parameters combination characteristics of topsoil can monitor the soil environmental changes in cement industry area. 相似文献
85.
86.
87.
88.
Assessment of soil erosion in a tropical mountain river basin of the southern Western Ghats,India using RUSLE and GIS 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) model coupled with transport limited sediment delivery(TLSD) function was used to predict the longtime average annual soil loss, and to identify the critical erosion-/deposition-prone areas in a tropical mountain river basin, viz., Muthirapuzha River Basin(MRB; area=271.75 km~2), in the southern Western Ghats, India. Mean gross soil erosion in MRB is 14.36 t ha~(-1) yr~(-1), whereas mean net soil erosion(i.e., gross erosion-deposition) is only 3.60 t ha~(-1) yr~(-1)(i.e., roughly 25% of the gross erosion). Majority of the basin area(~86%) experiences only slight erosion(5 t ha~(-1) yr~(-1)), and nearly 3% of the area functions as depositional environment for the eroded sediments(e.g., the terraces of stream reaches, the gentle plains as well as the foot slopes of the plateau scarps and the terrain with concordant summits). Although mean gross soil erosion rates in the natural vegetation belts are relatively higher, compared to agriculture, settlement/built-up areas and tea plantation, the sediment transport efficiency in agricultural areas and tea plantation is significantly high,reflecting the role of human activities on accelerated soil erosion. In MRB, on a mean basis, 0.42 t of soil organic carbon(SOC) content is being eroded per hectare annually, and SOC loss from the 4th order subbasins shows considerable differences, mainly due to the spatial variability in the gross soil erosion rates among the sub-basins. The quantitative results, on soil erosion and deposition, modelled using RUSLE and TLSD, are expected to be beneficial while formulating comprehensive land management strategies for reducing the extent of soil degradation in tropical mountain river basins. 相似文献
89.
Lulu Zhang Fang Wu Yafei Zheng Lihong Chen Jie Zhang Xu Li 《Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards》2018,12(3):169-182
Multiple types of responses, such as displacements, ground water level, pore water pressures, water contents, etc., are usually measured in comprehensive monitoring programmes for rainfall-induced landslide prevention. In this study, a probabilistic calibration method for coupled hydro-mechanical modelling of slope stability is presented with integration of multiple types of measurements. A numerical example of a soil slope under rainfall infiltration is illustrated to compare the effects of single and multiple types of responses on parameter estimation and model calibration. The results show that the soil parameters can be estimated with less uncertainty and total uncertainty bounds are narrower with multiple types of responses than with a single type of response. Model calibration based on multiple types of responses can compromise different responses and hence the means and standard deviations of model error are the smallest. A feasible correlation coefficient between soil modulus and permeability can be obtained from model calibration with multiple types of responses and single type of response as long as the responses include displacement data. 相似文献
90.
Assessing soil salinity using WorldView-2 multispectral images in Timpaki,Crete, Greece 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Salinization is one of the major soil degradation threats occurring worldwide. This study evaluates the feasibility of operational surface soil salinity mapping based on state-of-the-art Earth Observation (EO) products captured by sensors on-board WorldView-2 (WV2) and Landsat 8 satellites. The proposed methods are tested in Timpaki, south-central Crete,Greece, where brackish water irrigation puts soil health at risk of soil salinization. In all cases, EO products are calibrated against soil samples collected from bare soil locations. Results indicate a moderate correlation of observed ECe values with the investigated remote sensing parameters. Regarding sensitivity to saline soil, the yellow band displays higher values. Comparison between methods used in the literature shows that those developed specifically for soil salinity, and especially index S5, perform better. The proposed ‘detection index’ and 3D PCA transformation methodology perform reasonably well in detecting areas with high ECe values and provide a simple and effective operational alternative for saline topsoil detection and mapping. 相似文献