黄茅海河口湾现代动力地貌体系和冲淤过程分析

1980—1993年对黄茅海河口湾进行沉积物采样和水流测定及水深测量。根据水动力和地形条件，冲淤分析及Mclaren模型研究河口湾的动力地貌体系、冲淤特征和现代沉积物运移。结果表明：（1）水下地形主要为下泄流或上溯流控制的“深槽－槽沟－浅滩－湾口”的动力地貌体系，反映了河口湾“东进西出”的水流格局；（2）整个河口湾以淤积为主，只有崖门深槽有较明显的优势冲刷特征，并随着崖门深槽向海推移和河口湾“东进西出”水动力作用，黄茅海落潮三角洲相应向西南进积；（3）应用Mclaren模型揭示了黄茅海河口湾现代沉积物运移规律，同样反映了河口湾具有“东进西出”的运移趋势。     

天山南坡暖季暴雨过程的水汽来源及输送特征

利用1981—2020年5—9月天山南坡16个气象站逐日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR GDAS再分析资料,分析天山南坡暖季暴雨过程的环流形势,并采用HYSPLIT模式,模拟追踪水汽源地及输送特征。结果表明:天山南坡暖季暴雨主要发生在南亚高压双体型、500 hPa以上西南急流(气流)、700 hPa切变辐合以及天山地形辐合抬升的重叠区域。水汽主要源自中亚、大西洋及其沿岸、地中海和黑海及其附近,经TKAP(塔吉克斯坦、吉尔吉斯坦、阿富汗东北部、巴基斯坦北部和印度西北部)、南疆、北疆关键区,分别从偏西、偏南、偏北通道输入暴雨区,700 hPa以上偏西通道、以下偏北通道占主导地位,且贡献最大的是南疆关键区。源自中亚的水汽主要输送至暴雨区700 hPa及以下,对暴雨的贡献较大,且沿途损失较大;源自大西洋及其沿岸、地中海和黑海及其附近的水汽主要输送至暴雨区700 hPa以上,对暴雨的贡献较小。另外,中低层还存在源自北疆、南疆、北美洲东部、蒙古的水汽。基于上述特征,建立了天山南坡暖季暴雨过程水汽三维精细化结构模型。     

基于最大球算法定量表征土体空间孔隙网络

孔隙网络控制着土体渗流、排水固结与基质吸力等重要工程性质。本文介绍了多孔介质孔隙网络最大球建模基本原理与算法。以显微CT扫描振捣干法生成的南京粉砂试样为例,采用最大球算法建立了试样三维重构模型表征单元体(REV)的空间孔隙网络球棍模型,计算得到了样品REV尺度的孔隙网络参数,统计发现,孔隙半径、喉道半径、孔隙配位数、孔隙截面形状因子、喉道截面形状因子与喉道长度等孔隙参数均近似服从正态分布,孔隙体积近似服从衰减型指数分布。孔隙与喉道半径分别分布在100μm与65μm以内,两者数学期望分别为40. 0μm与18. 0μm;配位数分布在25以内,数学期望为5. 1;孔隙与喉道截面形状因子分别分布在0. 01~0. 04与0. 01~0. 05的区间内,两者数学期望分别为0. 019与0. 033;喉道长度分布在100~800μm以内,数学期望为292. 22μm。同时发现,样品中体积小于1. 5×10^7μm^3的小孔隙数量超过90%。本方法可应用于土体细观孔隙结构的定量表征。     

A Positivity-preserving Conservative Semi-Lagrangian Multi-moment Global Transport Model on the Cubed Sphere

A positivity-preserving conservative semi-Lagrangian transport model by multi-moment finite volume method has been developed on the cubed-sphere grid. Two kinds of moments(i.e., point values(PV moment) at cell interfaces and volume integrated average(VIA moment) value) are defined within a single cell. The PV moment is updated by a conventional semi-Lagrangian method, while the VIA moment is cast by the flux form formulation to assure the exact numerical conservation. Different from the spatial approximation used in the CSL2(conservative semi-Lagrangian scheme with second order polynomial function) scheme, a monotonic rational function which can effectively remove non-physical oscillations is reconstructed within a single cell by the PV moments and VIA moment. To achieve exactly positive-definite preserving, two kinds of corrections are made on the original conservative semi-Lagrangian with rational function(CSLR)scheme. The resulting scheme is inherently conservative, non-negative, and allows a Courant number larger than one.Moreover, the spatial reconstruction can be performed within a single cell, which is very efficient and economical for practical implementation. In addition, a dimension-splitting approach coupled with multi-moment finite volume scheme is adopted on cubed-sphere geometry, which benefitsthe implementation of the 1 D CSLR solver with large Courant number.The proposed model is evaluated by several widely used benchmark tests on cubed-sphere geometry. Numerical results show that the proposed transport model can effectively remove nonphysical oscillations and preserve the numerical nonnegativity, and it has the potential to transport the tracers accurately in a real atmospheric model.     

波浪作用下岸坡和海底平衡条件的研究

提出波浪作用下岸坡和海底动态和静态平衡条件的数学模型。在已建立的推移质泥沙体积输沙率基本关系式的基础上,根据连续方程,计算出底坡、泥沙、波浪三要素在动态和静态平衡情况下的关系式,得出反映这种关系的底坡平衡函数曲线图。用实际资料对这一函数曲线进行了验证,并对实际资料相对模型的某些差异作出解释。     

山东月湖的沉积物分布特征及搬运趋势

1998年 11～ 12月和 1999年 8～ 9月各一个月对月湖进行的野外工作 ,共取得表层沉积物样品 131个 ,应用激光粒度仪并结合传统的筛分法对这些样品进行粒度分析 ,进行矩法计算获得粒度参数。采用Gao命名方法 ,将沉积物划分出 5种主要类型。利用Gao -Collins粒径趋势分析模型 ,计算该区沉积物粒径趋势所显示的沉积物净搬运方向 ,结果表明 ,沉积物从四周向湖中心搬运 ,同时显示湾顶的西部和北部、涨潮三角洲以及湖心等地貌单元是沉积的优势区域。     

近五十年中国西北地区夏季降水场变化特征及影响因素分析

利用中国气象局信息中心提供的西北地区1951～2005年夏季月平均资料集和1958～2002年ERA40资料, 分析近五十年来西北地区夏季降水场的主要变化特征, 及与之相关的大尺度水汽输送和环流场变化, 讨论大尺度环流指数如涛动、 极涡、 赤道太平洋Niño3.4区海温与西北地区夏季降水的相关性。结果表明, 近五十年西北西部尤其是南疆的降水增多, 与西伯利亚 (50°N～60°N, 40°E～70°E) 上空位势高度增加和伊朗高原 (35°N～42.5°N, 60°E～75°E) 上空位势高度减少有很大关系。1987年后, 西北西侧水汽辐合也是该区降水增多的一个重要因素。西北东部降水受海温影响大。此外, 北大西洋涛动、 极涡面积可以反映近几十年来西北降水西增东减的年际波动。极涡面积大小与西北降水第一模态相关性尤其突出, 可以作为考察西北降水变化的一个重要指标。     

胶州湾泛亚码头疏浚方案优选及悬浮物影响预测

采用有限元分步杂交方法,在已建潮流场的基础上,建立了胶州湾疏浚物悬浮泥沙的二维输运-扩散模型,并应用于胶州湾前湾港区泛亚码头工程疏浚区的疏浚物输运扩散的数值模拟预测。根据预测结果分析了泛亚码头疏浚区施工期间悬浮泥沙对附近海域水环境和生态环境的影响,并对不同的疏浚方案进行了优选。     

Variations of the Kuroshio Axis South of Kyushu in Relation to the Large Meander of the Kuroshio

The characteristics of the Kuroshio axis south of Kyushu, which meanders almost sinusoidally, are clarified in relation to the large meander of the Kuroshio by analyzing water temperature data during 1961–95 and sea level during 1984–95. The shape of the Kuroshio axis south of Kyushu is classified into three categories of small, medium, and large amplitude of meander. The small amplitude category occupies more than a half of the large-meander (LM) period, while the medium amplitude category takes up more than a half of the non-large-meander (NLM) period. Therefore, the amplitude and, in turn, the curvature of the Kuroshio axis is smaller on average during the LM period than the NLM period. The mean Kuroshio axis during the LM period is located farther north at every longitude south of Kyushu than during the NLM period, with a slight difference west of the Tokara Islands and a large difference to the east. A northward shift of the Kuroshio axis in particular east of the Tokara Islands induces small amplitude and curvature of the meandering shape during the LM period. During the NLM period, the meandering shape and position south of Kyushu change little with Kuroshio volume transport. In the LM formation stage, the variation of the Kuroshio axis is small west of the Tokara Islands but large to the east due to a small meander of the Kuroshio. In the LM decay stage, the Kuroshio meanders greatly south of Kyushu and is located stably near the coast southeast of Kyushu. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Test of Hack's slope to bed material relationship in the Southern Eifel Uplands,Germany

The local reach gradient of small gravel bed rivers (drainage area 0-8-110 km²) in the Eifel, West Germany, is adjusted to transport the river bed sediments. Transport of gravel becomes possible under high flow conditions (Shields entrainment factor ≈-03). Mean bed material size for riffle sections increases with distance downstream. For small drainage areas channel slope is a negative exponential function of drainage area, while for the larger region the additional influence of bedload size has to be considered. Good agreement with Hack's data (1957) for Virginia and Maryland, U.S.A., is achieved (S = 0.0066 (D₅₀/A)^{- 40.}, r = 0.67).