Stability of waterfront retaining wall subjected to pseudo-static earthquake forces

Waterfront retaining walls supporting dry backfill are subjected to hydrostatic pressure on upstream face and earth pressure on the downstream face. Under seismic conditions, if such a wall retains a submerged backfill, additional hydrodynamic pressures are generated. This paper pertains to a study in which the effect of earthquakes along with the hydrodynamic pressure including inertial forces on such a retaining wall is observed. The hydrodynamic pressure is calculated using Westergaard's approach, while the earth pressure is calculated using Mononobe-Okabe's pseudo-static analysis. It is observed that when the horizontal seismic acceleration coefficient is increased from 0 to 0.2, there is a 57% decrease in the factor of safety of the retaining wall in sliding mode. For investigating the effect of different parameters, a parametric study is also done. It is observed that if φ is increased from 30° to 35°, there is an increase in the factor of safety in the sliding mode by 20.4%. Similar observations were made for other parameters as well. Comparison of results obtained from the present approach with [Ebeling, R.M., Morrison Jr, E.E., 1992. The seismic design of waterfront retaining structures. US Army Technical Report ITL-92-11. Washington DC] reveal that the factor of safety for static condition (k_h=0), calculated by both the approaches, is 1.60 while for an earthquake with k_h=0.2, they differ by 22.5% due to the consideration of wall inertia in the present study.     

利用磷灰石裂变径迹资料反演合肥盆地古地温和估计沉降率与剥蚀率

利用合肥盆地内６个磷灰石裂变径迹样品资料,反演模拟了该盆地自侏罗纪晚期以来各时代地层古地温变化,估算了沉降率与剥蚀率．模拟结果与其他地质资料推论一致,它揭示出该盆地南北两地存在不同的构造变化和受热史,反映了大别山构造发展对盆地南北两地区影响的差异．盆地南部靠近大别山地区的晚侏罗世地层在白垩纪早期埋藏温度曾大于１２０℃;早白垩世后期的构造抬升（剥蚀率约１３０ｍ／Ｍａ）使温度降至３０—４０℃;自白垩纪后期始,该地区一直处于动荡的但总体为持续抬升的构造环境中．盆地北部地区晚侏罗世与早白垩世早期地层在白垩纪期间埋藏温度曾达到和超过１００℃,但随后的大幅度构造抬升（剥蚀率约１９０ｍ／Ｍａ）使其温度降至３０—６０℃;第三纪早期,局部区域的裂陷（沉降率约６０ｍ／Ｍａ）使温度又升至８０℃左右．指出合肥盆地构造演化大体可分形成、隆升、局部裂陷和再隆升４个阶段．     

三江源地区土壤侵蚀特点

三江源地区地域辽阔,土壤侵蚀复杂多样.近年来土壤侵蚀加剧,生态环境严重退化.以2000年土壤侵蚀调查的数据成果为基数.并与更新后的2005年数据成果比较,进行土壤侵蚀动态变化分析.对三江源地区不同类型土壤侵蚀区的土壤侵蚀现状做了较全面的分区评价.同时对作为典型区域的黄河源头区12个县的2000年1:10万Landsat 5 TIM假彩色合成影像,通过野外调查建它解译标志来分析该区植被覆盖状况,对该区典型区域的土壤侵蚀现状做了定量评价.根据评价结果,对三江源地区土壤侵蚀的发展趋势做了预测.     

Effect of thickness of planar nozzles on erosion depth of levee soils subjected to plunging water

In this study, the effect of the thickness of a planar jet on the erosion depth when the jet impinges on a surface composed of cohesive soil was analytically and numerically evaluated. The results showed that the erosion depth was practically independent of the nozzle thickness for erosion depths shallower than the potential core length (i.e. the region of the jet in which the central flow velocity is the same as the nozzle velocity). The relation between nozzle thickness and erosion depth was non-linear with continuously variable slope for erosion depths deeper than the potential core length. Finally, the relation was approximately linear when the erosion depth converged to the equilibrium erosion depth. The findings of this study indicate that direct and fast prediction of the erosion depth in the field is possible using the data from a small scale soil erosion test with similar flow velocities.     

内蒙古库伦旗秦家沟土壤地球化学特征及找矿方向

本文通过统计秦家沟土壤样品多元素地球化学参数,推测可能的矿源层和富集成矿作用,分析Grd数据对比图,分析各元素高值区的分布特征,根据相关系数（λ）矩阵的因子分析结果,得到了2个元素组合,推测出本区的主成矿元素和伴生元素,根据R型聚类分析谱系图的统计结果,推测出了本区可能存在的中高温元素组合类型和中低温元素组合类型,确定了本区有利的成矿元素组合类型,圈定了组合异常,通过归一化Grd数据图和组合异常对比,验证异常的合理性和有效性。通过施工地表工程,对所圈定的异常进行了查证,取得了良好的找矿效果,揭示了本区所蕴藏的成矿信息,指明了本区今后的找矿方向,为更好地指导本区下一步勘查工作提供了依据。     

估算地表热通量和近地层土壤含水量的变分方法

提出一种反演地表感热通量、潜热通量和近地层土壤含水量的变分方法,该方法把不同高度上的风速、位温以及湿度梯度的观测资料与Monin-Obukhov相似理论计算值的偏差、土壤水分蒸发参数化方案估算的蒸发潜热与由相似理论导出值的偏差在地表能量平衡的约束下融合到一个目标泛函数中,采用最优化算法寻求问题的解.利用2001年6月中国暴雨试验与研究项目在安徽肥西观测资料进行了数值验证,结果表明该方法估算的通量值与Bowen比法具有很好的相关性且又能克服当Bowen比等于-1时计算通量出现的不稳定;同时能克服用廓线法求解热通量与地表能量平衡条件有较大出入的缺点.对观测误差的敏感性试验也表明变分方法是3类方法中最稳定的.反演的近地层土壤含水量对降水具有很好的响应并与观测的0-15 cm深度上平均土壤湿度的变化趋势具有很好的一致性,其绝对偏差小于0.03 m3/m3.     

黄河源区玛多县沙漠化成因与发展过程

通过分析黄河源区玛多县沙漠化的成因和过程,结果表明,玛多县沙漠化成因类型有三种,分别为固定沙丘/古沙丘活化、滑塌陡坎及风蚀斑块,其形成都与多年冻土退化相关.在固定沙丘或古沙丘分布区,冻土退化导致热融沉陷,形成沉陷坑,沉陷坑边缘形成拉裂缝或陡坎,使下伏松散沙露出.在斜坡上,冻土退化形成滑塌陡坎,使底层土壤从侧面暴露.在平坦的冲积平原,差异性冻胀和融沉导致草皮拉裂,形成积水坑洼,冻土退化导致土壤变干,土壤的底层暴露.下伏风成沉积物暴露后,遭受风蚀,形成侧向凹槽,致使上部土体坍塌,使更多的风成沉积物暴露,这些过程的不断重复,使风蚀坑、陡坎、风蚀斑块扩大相连,最终形成流动沙丘、风蚀劣地、戈壁等地貌.     

Variability in the vertical hyporheic water exchange affected by hydraulic conductivity and river morphology at a natural confluent meander bend

River confluences and their associated tributaries are key morphodynamic nodes that play important roles in controlling hydraulic geometry and hyporheic water exchange in fluvial networks. However, the existing knowledge regarding hyporheic water exchange associated with river confluence morphology is relatively scarce. On January 14 and 15, 2016, the general hydraulic and morphological characteristics of the confluent meander bend (CMB) between the Juehe River and the Haohe River in the southern region of Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China, were investigated. The patterns and magnitudes of vertical hyporheic water exchange (VHWE) were estimated based on a one‐dimensional heat steady‐state model, whereas the sediment vertical hydraulic conductivity (K_v) was calculated via in situ permeameter tests. The results demonstrated that 6 hydrodynamic zones and their extensions were observed at the CMB during the test period. These zones were likely controlled by the obtuse junction angle and low momentum flux ratio, influencing the sediment grain size distribution of the CMB. The VHWE patterns at the test site during the test period mostly showed upwelling flow dominated by regional groundwater discharging into the river. The occurrence of longitudinal downwelling and upwelling patterns along the meander bend at the CMB was likely subjected to the comprehensive influences of the local sinuosity of the meander bend and regional groundwater discharge and finally formed regional and local flow paths. Additionally, in dominated upwelling areas, the change in VHWE magnitudes was nearly consistent with that in K_v values, and higher values of both variables generally occurred in erosional zones near the thalweg paths of the CMB, which were mostly made up of sand and gravel. This was potentially caused by the erosional and depositional processes subjected to confluence morphology. Furthermore, lower K_v values observed in downwelling areas at the CMB were attributed to sediment clogging caused by local downwelling flow. The confluence morphology and sediment K_v are thus likely the driving factors that cause local variations in the VHWE of fluvial systems.     

塔里木盆地的构造演化

从地震大剖面显示，塔里木盆地发育为手风琴式的演化史。大体上形成有3层“断-坳”结构：①震旦系的“断”，古生界-三叠系的“坳”；②侏罗系的“断”，上白垩系的“坳”；③古近系的“断”，新近系的“坳”。断陷与坳陷分别由拉张与挤压应力场所致，这种应力场的变化是由相邻洋壳板块俯冲倾角由小到大的变化所引起的。由于地壳的多旋回运动，多次发生构造沉积演变，构成了多套生储盖组合，多领域、多种圈闭类型的油气藏，从震旦系-古生界-中生界-新生界，各断陷-坳陷结构的盆地都有可能形成油气藏的地质条件。     

杭州湾枯季水沙若干特征分析

根据2014年1月及2017年2月杭州湾大、小潮水沙资料,计算了流速、含沙量、单宽潮量、单宽输沙量,进而分析了潮周期断面净潮量、净输沙量和区域冲淤分布。研究发现杭州湾涨、落潮平均流速比值整体较20世纪八九十年代增大,绝大部分区域大于1.0,涨潮流相对增强,澉浦南岸和金山北岸尤为显著。含沙量平面上分布澉浦、杭州湾南岸两个高值区(大潮大于3 kg/m³,小潮大于1.3 kg/m³)以及北岸湾口至乍浦之间的低值区(大潮小于2 kg/m³,小潮小于0.9 kg/m³),随潮汛变化显著,最大含沙量浓度通常滞后于急流时刻。各测站涨、落潮量和输沙量呈现“大涨大落”和“大进大出”的特征,造成杭州湾短时间尺度内的“大冲大淤”。大潮两涨两落金山与乍浦、乍浦与澉浦之间区域净输沙量可达几千万吨,净冲淤则在几百万吨。