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21.
In this study, unlike most previous investigations for wave-induced soil response, a simple semi-analytical model for the random wave-induced soil response is established for an unsaturated seabed of finite thickness. Two different wave spectra, the B-M and JONSWAP spectra, are considered in the new model. The influence of random wave loading on the soil response is investigated by comparing with the corresponding representative regular wave results through a parametric study, which includes the effect of the degree of saturation, soil permeability, wave height, wave period and seabed thickness. The maximum liquefaction depth under the random waves is also examined. The difference on the soil response under the two random wave types, B-M and JONSWAP frequency spectra, is also discussed in the present work. 相似文献
22.
Waterfront retaining walls supporting dry backfill are subjected to hydrostatic pressure on upstream face and earth pressure on the downstream face. Under seismic conditions, if such a wall retains a submerged backfill, additional hydrodynamic pressures are generated. This paper pertains to a study in which the effect of earthquakes along with the hydrodynamic pressure including inertial forces on such a retaining wall is observed. The hydrodynamic pressure is calculated using Westergaard's approach, while the earth pressure is calculated using Mononobe-Okabe's pseudo-static analysis. It is observed that when the horizontal seismic acceleration coefficient is increased from 0 to 0.2, there is a 57% decrease in the factor of safety of the retaining wall in sliding mode. For investigating the effect of different parameters, a parametric study is also done. It is observed that if φ is increased from 30° to 35°, there is an increase in the factor of safety in the sliding mode by 20.4%. Similar observations were made for other parameters as well. Comparison of results obtained from the present approach with [Ebeling, R.M., Morrison Jr, E.E., 1992. The seismic design of waterfront retaining structures. US Army Technical Report ITL-92-11. Washington DC] reveal that the factor of safety for static condition (kh=0), calculated by both the approaches, is 1.60 while for an earthquake with kh=0.2, they differ by 22.5% due to the consideration of wall inertia in the present study. 相似文献
23.
The mathematical framework for turbulent transport in the ocean is reasonably well established. It may be applied to large-scale fields of scalars in the ocean and to the instantaneous or continuous discharge from a point. The theory and its physical basis can also provide an interpretation of passive scalar spectra. Spatial variations in the rate of turbulent transfer can be related to the movement of the center of mass of a scalar and to a formulation in terms of entrainment. The relative dispersion of a scalar with respect to its center of mass and the streakiness of the concentration field within the relative dispersion domain need to be considered. In many of these problems it is valuable to think in terms of simple models for individual streaks, as well as overall statistical properties. 相似文献
24.
对煤炭资源勘查资源量与客观物质量之间差值的误差理论探讨,提出误差由真值误差、系统误差和离差3个基本部分组成,其中真值误差是不可消除的观测误差、系统误差是控制网度所决定的准确度标准、而离差是由地质构造及矿床形态的多解性产生的资源量波动。在此基础上,构筑了一个关于误差的数学模型,最后应用误差理论对现行勘查工作中常见的错误进行分析,并就如何避免错误及减少误差提出了见解。 相似文献
25.
A. Shamshad C.S. LeowA. Ramlah W.M.A. Wan HussinS.A. Mohd. Sanusi 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2008
The study evaluated the performance and suitability of AnnAGNPS model in assessing runoff, sediment loading and nutrient loading under Malaysian conditions. The watershed of River Kuala Tasik in Malaysia, a combination of two sub-watersheds, was selected as the area of study. The data for the year 2004 was used to calibrate the model and the data for the year 2005 was used for validation purposes. Several input parameters were computed using methods suggested by other researchers and studies carried out in Malaysia. The study shows that runoff was predicted well with an overall R2 value of 0.90 and E value of 0.70. Sediment loading was able to produce a moderate result of R2 = 0.66 and E = 0.49, nitrogen loading predictions were slightly better with R2 = 0.68 and E = 0.53, and phosphorus loading performance was slightly poor with an R2 = 0.63 and E = 0.33. The erosion map developed was in agreement with the erosion risk map produced by the Department of Agriculture, Malaysia. Rubber estates and urban areas were found to be the main contributors to soil erosion. The simulation results showed that AnnAGNPS has the potential to be used as a valuable tool for planning and management of watersheds under Malaysian conditions. 相似文献
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Kristine M. Larson Eric E. Small Ethan Gutmann Andria Bilich Penina Axelrad John Braun 《GPS Solutions》2008,12(3):173-177
Measurements of soil moisture are important for studies of climate and weather forecasting, flood prediction, and aquifer
recharge studies. Although soil moisture measurement networks exist, most are sparsely distributed and lack standardized instrumentation.
Measurements of soil moisture from satellites have extremely large spatial footprints (40–60 km). A methodology is described
here that uses existing networks of continuously-operating GPS receivers to measure soil moisture fluctuations. In this technique,
incoming signals are reflected off and attenuated by the ground before reception by the GPS receiver. These multipath reflections
directly affect signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) data routinely collected by GPS receivers, creating amplitude variations that
are a function of ground reflectivity and therefore soil moisture content. After describing this technique, multipath reflection
amplitudes at a GPS site in Tashkent, Uzbekistan are compared to estimates of soil moisture from the Noah land surface model.
Although the GPS multipath amplitudes and the land surface model are uncalibrated, over the 70-day period studied, they both
rise sharply following each rainfall event and slowly decrease over a period of ∼10 days. 相似文献
30.
New basis for the constitutive modelling of aggregated soils 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Natural and compacted soils are usually characterized by aggregation of particles. The mechanical behaviour of these materials
depends on soil structure. The oedometric compression tests performed on aggregated samples presented here showed that these
materials exhibit a yield limit depending not only on stress history and stress state but also on soil structure. Evidence
is provided using the neutron tomography technique. These results revealed that soil structure modification occurs together
with plastic deformations. The experimental results are used to propose a new state parameter to quantify the soil structure.
Based on pore-scale experimental observations, an evolution law for this parameter is proposed as a function of associated
plastic strains. Considering both soil fabric and inter-particle bonding effects, a new yield limit depending on stress state,
stress history and soil structure is introduced for the aggregated soils. Accordingly, a new constitutive framework consistent
with strain hardening plasticity is proposed to consider soil structure effects in the modelling of aggregated soils. 相似文献