软土结构性破损的孔径分布试验研究

采用压汞法对天然结构性软土压缩过程孔隙大小分布的演化进行了试验研究，结果表明，当荷载超过结构屈服应力后，尺寸较大的团粒间孔隙首先发生破坏，随着荷载的增大，越来越小的孔隙受到影响，但团粒内孔隙在压缩过程中不发生变化；根据试验结果提出了孔隙结构破损势的概念，并用其表征孔隙分布随荷载变化的规律。     

钾-氩和氩-氩定年样品的送样要求及预处理

介绍了K-Ar和Ar-Ar法定年样品的送样要求及实验室预处理程序，样品粒度以250～180μm为宜；用量则视样品的K含量和年龄情况而定，K含量越高、年龄越老，所需样品量越少，多数样品的用量在几十至几百毫克；对于年龄情况不清楚的样品，10～20g手标本或者1～2g合适粒度的样品可以保证用量。全岩样品常受蚀变和捕虏晶的影响，有效的预处理可以在很大程度上消除这些干扰因素。文章还介绍了用稀HNO3消除碳酸盐、1．7mol／L HF消除轻微蚀变的影响以及电磁选剔除捕虏晶的实验过程。     

The development of Nemurella pictetii Klapálek (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) in two springstreams in central Europe

From April 1997 to June 1998 Nemurella pictetii populations were regularly sampled in two springstreams at 220 and 850 m a.s.l., respectively, in Hesse (Germany), at approximately 51°N. Random samples of larvae were taken at three week intervals during the vegetation period, and once a month during winter. Sex, instar, body length, head capsule width and wing pad length of all larvae were recorded. Temperatures were recorded every hour, temporal patterns of temperature agreed closely between sites. Mean winter lows were 3.9 °C at both sites, the mean summer high was 11.9 °C at the lower site, as opposed to 9.6 °C at the mountain site.At both sites, adult emergence started in May. At the mountain site, recruitment started in late July and continued into autumn. There was cohort splitting in the young generation. Some individuals grew rapidly until October–November, but last instar larvae first appeared in March the next year. 1600 degree-days above 0 °C were accumulated during complete development. At the lower site, recruitment began in early July, and cohort splitting also occurred. Fast growing summer recruits emerged as adults in late August, having accumulated only 700 degree-days (above 0 °C). Their offspring hatched in November-December and emerged the next spring, having accumulated also only 700 degree-days. However, only part of the population was bivoltine. Many of the summer recruits grew more slowly and accumulated close to 1900 degree days until they emerged the next spring, together with the offspring of their own fast-growing siblings. Dependence of growth rate on temperature could not be estimated and appears to vary with daylength. For example, 3–6 °C support growth and development provided daylength exceeds 10 hrs of light, or is rising.At both sites and in all cohorts individuals emerging earliest were larger than later emerging ones. The size decline is significantly correlated with number of days after the winter solstice. For the first time it is shown that the decline does not occur shortly before adult emergence but actually takes place several instars before the last. Size differences are then carried on, and amplified, during subsequent molts, until adulthood. The literature presently relates seasonal size declines of insects to high or rising temperatures experienced by larvae approaching adulthood. Our data show that, at least in Nemurella, this explanation fails. On average, females were distinctly larger than males. Differences in mean last instar size were noticed also between sites and years. They remain presently unexplained. The mean sex ratio in both populations was close to 1:1.     

河北省粮食生产发展趋势及其地区差异

河北省2002年粮食作物播种面积为6484.4千hm2,其中小麦占37.8%,玉米39.7%;粮食、棉花、油料的种植比例为15.9:1.0:1.6。北部四地市粮食播面占全省的23.3%,南部七地市76.7%。2002年粮食总产2435.8万t,为1949年的5.2倍;粮食单产3756kg/hm2,为1949年的5.8倍;人均粮食362kg,为1949年的2.4倍。北部地区粮食总产占全省的17.2%,南部地区82.8%。据回归分析与双向差分建模分析,2010年粮食总产可达3087.5万t,粮食单产4478kg/hm2,人均粮食460kg。据灰关联分析,影响粮食总产的主要因子有:粮食单产、农副产品收购价格总指数(1978年=100)、农业机械总动力、农村用电量、农田化肥施用量与有效灌溉面积等。根据笔者预测,若2010年农业机械总动力达8989万kw,农村用电量240.8亿kwh,农田化肥施用量356.1万t,有效灌面4549.2千hm2,则其粮食单产可达4664kg/hm2;若2010年仍保持2000年小麦播面所占比例(0.387),玉米播面所占比例达0.439,则其单产可达4387kg/hm2。     

土体颗粒破碎研究进展

在打入桩的桩端以及大型土石坝、海洋平台等的地基中常常会出现高应力区。在这些高应力区中,作为地基的粒状土的颗粒会发生不同程度的破碎。对高应力水平下粒状土体的破碎特性进行深入研究有助于解决这一类型的岩土工程问题。因此近年来土体颗粒破碎逐渐引起人们的重视。本文对土体颗粒破碎研究现状进行了详尽的阐述,并指出研究中存在的问题及今后研究发展方向。     

利用光谱反射率估算叶片生化组分和籽粒品质指标研究

对可见光至短波红外波段(350—2500nm)冬小麦田间冠层光谱反射率与叶片含氮量间的关系进行了相关分析。结果表明，820—1100nm波段的光谱反射率与叶片含氮量极显著正相关；1150—1300hm波段的光谱反射率与叶片含氮量显著正相关，以上两波段为叶片全氮的敏感波段。对各生育时期叶片全氮与其他生化组分的关系进行了回归分析，并建立了相关的回归方程，显著性检验结果表明，方程具有较高的可靠性。小麦的叶片含氮量可以估算其它生化组分及干物质指标含量，开花期叶片含氮量可用来估测籽粒蛋白质和干面筋等品质指标含量。     

GPS折射角资料的变分同化试验

越来越多的新型观测资料为数值天气预报水平的进一步提高提供了许多新的机会。在各种新型的观测资料中,GPS(全球定位卫星系统)折射角资料无疑是非常重要的。GPS折射角资料具有分辨率高、全天候探测、覆盖全球等优点,实现对GPS折射角资料的变分同化,将具有非常重要的意义。文中介绍了如何获得及同化GPS折射角资料的原理。对GPS折射角资料的变分同化可以分为两种:间接同化和直接同化,文中对这两种方法都作了具体介绍。在变分同化的最小化过程中,计算效率无疑是最重要的,而优化步长的计算又直接关系到算法效率的成败。根据最小化算法的特点,通过数学推导,得出一种适合于各种最小化算法的计算优化步长的自适应方法。最后,还利用1995年10月11日的GPS折射角资料进行了数值试验,结果表明了变分同化方法和计算优化步长方法的有效性。     

地震勘探中的炸药震源药量理论与实验分析

炸药由于具有良好的脉冲特性及高能量的特点而作为地震勘探中的主要震源，就炸药本身来说，在地震勘探中药量、井深等参数的选取对激发能量和激发频率有很大的影响。为此，本文运用炸药爆炸理论，从炸药作功角度来加以论述，并通过理论和实验分析得出选取一个最佳的药量和井深激发，既能提高炸药作功能力，又能增强激发能量，从而激发强能量的高频震源子波，达到指导野外地震采集和节约经济成本的目的。     

大气气溶胶光学厚度的宽带消光遥感方法及其应用

该文发展了遥感气溶胶光学厚度的一个宽带消光遥感方法 ,它应用地面上太阳直射表探测的宽波段太阳直射信息反演 0 75 μm大气柱光学厚度。这方法的主要误差因子是气溶胶谱的不确定性。数值试验表明 ,气溶胶谱分布的误差所引起光学厚度解的误差一般小于 5 %。 1995年 1— 10月进行的 12 6 7组对比实验表明 ,由本方法探测的气溶胶光学厚度与光度计探测的气溶胶光学厚度的标准差为 10 5 % ,两者平均结果的偏差只有 0 7%。该文还应用这个方法 ,从气象台站辐射观测资料反演得到北京、沈阳等 10个地方 1980— 1994年间晴天气溶胶光学厚度资料 ,并分析其变化规律