椭球雨滴群旋转轴呈正态分布情况时雷达反射率因子的修正

推导出了在云降水粒子群为小旋转椭球水滴群、椭球旋转轴呈正态分布、云降水粒子谱为M-P分布情况下的雷达气象方程,并且重新定义了相应的雷达反射率因子,确定了在用雷达测定非球形雨滴降水时的订正系数。为新一代多普勒天气雷达观测资料的雨滴形状和分布特征订正、提高降水测量精度提供了理论依据和方法。     

PCVSAT单收站常见故障分析及处理

多年来,PCVSAT单收站为天气预报、气候研究、气象信息服务等工作作出了重要贡献.     

几次强震及震前震中附近地区中小地震与地球自转的关系

本文分析了1975年海城7.3级、 2008年汶川8.0级和2004年印尼苏门答腊9.0级地震与地球自转的关系, 给出了震前震中附近地区中小地震与地球自转之间较好的相关关系。 结果对深入认识地球自转与地震发生之间的关系具有裨益。     

蔚县矿区地面沉陷InSAR多维形变监测

河北蔚县是我国华北地区最大的地下采煤区之一,该地区长期存在采矿塌陷灾害,不仅威胁采矿安全,而且严重破坏当地生态环境。本文基于合成孔径雷达干涉（InSAR）这一新型空间对地观测技术,采用61景Sentinel-1A/B干涉宽幅（Interferometric Wide swath,IW）模式数据进行矿区形变观测,获取整个矿区在2017—2018年间的地表形变空间分布特征,并对矿区地表的沉降量级及面积进行详细的统计分析。此外,采用融合多轨道SAR数据的多维形变时序估计方法,对西细庄矿数据进行东西向和垂向的二维形变分解,获取该矿的二维形变时间序列。结果表明:除南留庄井田外,其余三大井田在监测期间均存在不同程度的地面沉陷灾害;整个矿区年沉陷速率超过-10 cm/a的区域达到了2.16 km2;受成像几何影响,不同轨道数据获取的形变结果存在一定差异;西细庄矿以垂向形变为主,伴随明显的东西向水平形变。研究结果为蔚县矿区地面沉陷监测与煤矿安全开采提供数据参考。      

Source parameters of the ML 4.1 earthquake of November 08, 2006, southeast Beni-Suef, northern Egypt

In the early morning hours on Wednesday November 08, 2006 at 04:32:10(GMT) a small earthquake of M_L 4.1 has occurred at southeast Beni-Suef, approximately 160 km SEE of Cairo, northern Egypt. The quake has been felt as far as Cairo and its surroundings while no casualties were reported. The instrumental epicentre is located at 28.57°N and 31.55°E. Seismic moment is 1.76 E14 Nm, corresponding to a moment magnitude M_w 3.5. Following a Brune model, the source radius is 0.3 km with an average dislocation of 1.8 cm and a 2.4 MPa stress drop. The source mechanism from a first motion fault plane solution shows a left-lateral strike-slip mechanism with a minor dip-slip component along fault NNW striking at 161°, dipping 52° to the west and rake −5°. Trend and plunging of the maximum and minimum principle axes P/T are 125°, 28°, 21°, and 23°, respectively. A comparison with the mechanism of the October, 1999 event shows similarities in faulting type and orientation of nodal planes.Eight small earthquakes (3.0  M_L < 5.0) were also recorded by the Egyptian National Seismological Network (ENSN) from the same region. We estimate the source parameters and fault mechanism solutions (FMS) for these earthquakes using displacement spectra and P-wave polarities, respectively. The obtained source parameters including seismic moments of 4.9 × 10¹²–5.04 × 10¹⁵ Nm, stress drops of 0.2–4.9 MPa and relative displacement of 0.1–9.1 cm. The azimuths of T-axes determined from FMS are oriented in NNE–SSW direction. This direction is consistent with the present-day stress field in Egypt and the last phase of stress field changes in the Late Pleistocene, as well as with recent GPS measurements.     

Petrography and geochemical characteristics of the sediments of the small River Hemavati, Southern India: Implications for provenance and weathering processes

Small rivers (≤ 100 km length) are likely to drain fewer rock types. Therefore, their solutes and sediments are good indicators of weathering environments typical of their basins and help constraining the nature of their source rocks. To understand this, the texture, mineralogy, major and trace element compositions of the sediments deposited by the River Hemavati, a northern upland tributary of the Cauvery River in southern India, are analyzed and discussed.

The Hemavati sediments are overall of fine sand size (mean 2–3), and have high concentrations of FeO (≤ 7 wt.%), TiO₂ (≤ 1.2 wt.%), Cr (≤ 350 ppm) and Ni (≤ 125 ppm). Major and trace element distribution call for a binary source for the sediments, and particularly point to contrasting climatic conditions of their provenances. The source areas in the upstream and downstream parts are exposed to sub-humid high relief and sub-arid low relief conditions, respectively, with distinct weathering characteristics. The CIA values (85–48) decrease from near the source to downstream, suggesting that the downstream rain-shadow part of the catchment suffered only minor chemical weathering.

On the other hand, the REE distribution in the Hemavati sediments indicates contrasting lithologies in their provenance, and is not controlled by chemical weathering. On the basis of REE patterns, the sediments are divided into two compositional groups. The Type 1 sediments have a REE chemistry similar to the upper continental crust, and have been derived from the > 3.2 Ga composite peninsular gneisses occurring in the low-lying, semi-arid Mysore Plateau. The Type 2 sediments, however, have dominantly intermediate to mafic granulite contributions from the tectonically uplifted Western Ghats, weathered under sub-humid conditions. High concentrations of FeO, TiO₂, Cr and Ni in the sediments suggest mafic-dominated source lithologies in the upper catchment, a feature also confirmed by field observations and petrographic study.     

不同震级范围的地震频度和频度比

讨论了云南地区不同震级范围的小震频度在强震前的时间进程曲线,发现在介质比较破碎地区,震级偏小的地震频度显示出较明显的强震前孕震系统的非线性阶段,而在介质比较完整的地区,则震级偏大的地震频度反应较明显。为此,引入了频度比的概念,结果表明,强震孕震区的频度比表现为在强震前2—4年,持续增加或持续降低,在强震前1—2年,呈(增加后)降低或(降低后)增加的异常变化,曲线形态出现拐点。对频度比在实际预报工作中的预报能力,也进行了讨     

High flow events and sediment transport in small streams in the ‘tertiary basin’ area in piedmont (Northwest Italy)

Rainfall, peak discharges, and suspended sediment transport were surveyed for 280 events in three small (0.8 to 10 km²) catchments in a hilly area derived from Neogene marls, silts, and sands. Under similar hydrological input conditions, stream flow behaviour and sediment delivery differed considerably from one catchment to another, depending on topography, lithology, land use, and especially sediment availability. Analytical treatment of data showed a good fit between sediment yield and peak flow discharge. Less good, although still significant, was the correlation between sediment concentration and discharge values for different flow stages. Rainfall peak/basin lag time and rainfall/discharge showed poor or no correlation, mainly due to strong variations in rainfall distribution. Sediment concentration in the catchments varied enormously according to season, from zero up to 334 g 1^?1; sediment yield was 160-900 tonnes km^?2 yr^?1 in the two major catchments, and over 5200 tonnes km^?2 yr^?1 in the headwater catchment, stressing the importance of small tributaries not only in inducing floods in downstream channels, but also in sediment supply.     

Rotating flow past a short,sliced cylinder at finite Rossby number

Abstract

Flow past a short obstacle in a rotating reference frame generates a wake that is crucial to the overall flow structure if the Rossby number is of the order of the quarter power of the Ekman number. We present here a theory for such flows for the case when the obstacle's top is an oblique, planar surface. The results arise from a combination of asymptotic analysis and numerical computation, and show that even weak asymmetry generates significant global effect on the entire flow-field. Comparisons with the experiments reported by Foster and Davies (1996) are generally good when the high edge is at 90° to the oncoming flow.