The role of topography in controlling throughflow generation: A discussion

The distributions of specific catchment area and specific dispersal area values over the hillside studied by Anderson and Burt (1978) relate much more closely to the observed distributions of soil water matric potential than do the occurrences of contour concavity on which the authors rely. Highest potential always occurred in the zone of large specific catchment area except immediately after rainfall, when it occurred in the zone of small dispersal area. Isolines of low potential persistently conformed to those of specific dispersal area.     

Privatization of rural industry and de facto urbanization from below in southern Jiangsu, China

At the heart of China’s economic transformation from plan to market is the institutional rearrangement of the ownership of property rights. Privatization of collectively owned township and village enterprises (TVEs) in recent years has significantly changed the rural economy and affected small town development in China. Located mainly in villages and small towns and producing 62% of the total industrial output in Jiangsu in 1994, TVEs played a crucial role in southern Jiangsu (Sunan)’s economic development and urbanization, giving rise to the well-known “Sunan model” of regional development during the 1980s. Since the mid-1990s, ownership transition (zhuanzhi) of the TVEs from collective to private in Sunan has altered the nature of the regional economy and the pattern of small town development. The privatization of TVEs in Sunan has been so pervasive that it can be seen as the “second industrial divide” in the region’s economy. This paper traces the evolution of ownership reform in Sunan’s rural industries leading to the current phase of privatization and analyzes the effects of privatization on de facto urbanization from below in Sunan. Given the importance of privatization, continuous scholarly monitoring of its relationship to regional economic development and urbanization from below is necessary.     

浅析意大利新兴工业化地区的兴起

意大利的东北部和中部在二战后迅速崛起,成为新兴工业化地区──称之为“第三意大利”。该区的发展建立在从事工艺型工业的中小型企业密切分工协作的基础上,有着独特的发展模式,本文概括了“第三意大利”的区域经济特征,并对发展原因作了分析。     

小卫星在数字北京中的应用前景

小卫星由于其研发周期短、体积小、功能强、使用灵活等特点,在通信、遥感等领域得到越来越广泛的应用。在数字北京的建设中,将成为基础地理信息更新的重要手段,为实际应用提供新的途径。     

小旋转椭球粒子群的微波散射特性

文中从不同方向线性偏振的入射波对小旋转椭球状降水粒子极化产生的散射出发 ,推导出散射能流密度函数 ,以及降水粒子群旋转轴处于不同状态下的散射截面 ,得出散射截面随降水粒子相态和入射波波长变化的一些曲线 ,其结果可供遥感反演计算使用。     

Atmospheric-induced variability of hydrological and biogeochemical signatures in the NW Alboran Sea. Consequences for the spawning and nursery habitats of European anchovy

The north-western Alboran Sea is a highly dynamic region in which the hydrological processes are mainly controlled by the entrance of the Atlantic Jet (AJ) through the Strait of Gibraltar. The biological patterns of the area are also related to this variability in which atmospheric pressure distributions and wind intensity and direction play major roles. In this work, we studied how changes in atmospheric forcing (from high atmospheric pressure over the Mediterranean to low atmospheric pressure) induced alterations in the physical and biogeochemical environment by re-activating coastal upwelling on the Spanish shore. The nursery area of European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the NW Alboran Sea, confirmed to be the very coastal band around Malaga Bay, did not show any drastic change in its biogeochemical characteristics, indicating that this coastal region is somewhat isolated from the rest of the basin. Our data also suggests that anchovy distribution is tightly coupled to the presence of microzooplankton rather than mesozooplankton. Finally, we use detailed physical and biological information to evaluate a hydrological-biogeochemical coupled model with a specific hydrological configuration to represent the Alboran basin. This model is able to reproduce the general circulation patterns in the region forced by the AJ movements only including two variable external forcings; atmospheric pressure over the western Mediterranean and realistic wind fields.     

地震勘探中小尺度非均匀性的描述及长波长理论

地球物理成像解释的一个重要问题是,地震波传播时其本身受到地质体中小尺度非均匀性的影响,对该问题的研究具有重要的意义且备受关注. 据此,本文首先从统计意义上的表示形式来描述小尺度非均匀性,给出一种拓展了小尺度非均匀性择优取向的随机介质建模新方法,重点阐述了建模过程中对误差处理的重要性. 其次讨论了地震波在水平层状介质中传播时的长波长理论,并指出对该理论的适用条件进行研究的重要意义.且还基于1D随机层状介质,从局部各向异性因子曲线的角度对长波长理论进行了研究,并讨论了密度及泊松比扰动对曲线形态的影响. 最后,从对1D和2D随机介质进行数值模拟的角度重点研究长波长理论不能满足的情况下地震记录的特点,为了便于对比分析,文中也计算了1D随机介质在不同平均化长度下,通过长波长理论得到的等效介质的理论走时(走时的计算是在弱各向异性假设条件下完成的),并给出有指导意义的结论.     

Mental preparation for climate adaptation: The role of cognition and culture in enhancing adaptive capacity of water management in Kiribati

In many Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS), such as in Kiribati, formal national adaptation programmes are currently being operationalised or are in the pipeline. A key focus is on motivating householders to adapt in anticipation of climate change through pilot community projects. In this paper, we argue that the water sector must pay equal attention to how communities cognitively perceive the process of adaptation if interventions are to be effective. Adopting a cognitive model to gain such insights we conclude that individual's belief in their own abilities to manage water stress play a crucial role in driving intentions to adapt and therefore greater attention needs to be placed on understanding the underling drivers shaping such beliefs.     

New aerosol particle formation via certain ion driven processes

Ions can speed up the formation of aerosol particles. The former studies have mainly concerned on the role of the ion charge itself. We have studied the possible (additional) role of the actual small air ion spectrum shape, and the quantitative role of ion–ion recombination pathway. By means of our ion evolution model, formation of new species (H₂SO₄)_n(NH₃)_m(HNO₃)_k via ion–ion recombination was investigated. The model shows how the generation rate of the new species depends on the concentrations of H₂SO₄ and NH₃, and how it depends on the tropospheric background aerosol situation. The rate can be up to a few new neutral complexes per cubic centimeter and per second. New particle generation via ion–ion recombination provides an extra channel, especially for the clean atmosphere. Former results have shown that such situations are often present in Antarctica. Our aerosol spectrum measurements reveal a number of similar non-Antarctic results. Sometimes, such situations are followed by aerosol bursts, which may be (partly) due to an ion–ion recombination channel.     

浅谈小口径金刚石钻进效率

小口径人造金刚石具有强大的生命力和广阔的发展前途,是加快勘探步伐的重要途径,是当前提高钻进效率的主要技术措施。本文通过四个方面来提高小口径金刚石钻进的效率。