Geochemical and thermodynamic modeling of the petrogenesis of A1-type granites and associated intermediate rocks: A case study from the central Fennoscandian Shield

The origin of ferroan A-type granites in anorogenic tectonic settings remains a long-standing petrological puzzle. The proposed models range from extreme fractional crystallization of mantle-derived magmas to partial melting of crustal rocks, or involve combination of both. In this study, we apply whole-rock chemical and Sm-Nd isotopic compositions and thermodynamically constrained modeling (Magma Chamber Simulator, MCS) to decipher the genesis of a suite of A1-type peralkaline to peraluminous granites and associated intermediate rocks (monzodiorite-monzonite, syenite) from the southwestern margin of the Archean Karelia craton, central Finland, Fennoscandian Shield. These plutonic rocks were emplaced at ca. 2.05 Ga during an early stage of the break-up of the Karelia craton along its western margin and show trace element affinities to ocean island basalt-type magmas. The intermediate rocks show positive ε_Nd(2050 Ma) values (+1.3 to +2.6), which are only slightly lower than the estimated contemporaneous depleted mantle value (+3.4), but much higher than average ε_Nd(2050 Ma) of Archean TTGs (–10) in the surrounding bedrock, indicating that these rocks were essentially derived from a mantle source. The ε_Nd(2050 Ma) values of the peralkaline and peraluminous granite samples overlap (–0.9 to +0.6 and –3.2 to +0.9, respectively) and are somewhat lower than those in the intermediate rocks, suggesting that the mafic magmas parental to granite must have assimilated some amount of older Archean continental crust during their fractionation, which is consistent with the continental crust-like trace element signatures of the granite members. The MCS modeling indicates that fractional crystallization of mantle-derived magmas can explain the major element characteristics of the intermediate rocks. The generation of the granites requires further fractional crystallization of these magmas coupled with assimilation of Archean crust. These processes took place in the middle to upper crust (∼2–4 kbar, ∼7–15 km) and involved crystallization of large amounts of clinopyroxene, plagioclase and olivine. Our results highlight the importance of coupled FC-AFC processes in the petrogenesis of A-type magmas and support the general perception that magmas of A-type ferroan granites become more peraluminous by assimilation of crust. They further suggest that variable fractionation paths of the magmas upon the onset of assimilation may explain the broad variety of A-type felsic and intermediate igneous rocks that is often observed emplaced closely in time and space within the same igneous complex.     

Nd isotopic compositions of the Tethyan Himalayan Sequence in southeastern Tibet

The Himalayan orogen consists of three major lithologic units that are separated by two major north-dipping faults: the Lesser Himalayan Sequence (LHS) below the Main Central Thrust (MCT), the Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex (GHC) above the MCT, and the Tethyan Himalayan Sequence (THS) juxtaposed by the South Tibet Detachment fault (STD) over the GHC. Due to widespread meta-morphism and intense deformation, differentiating the above three lithologic units is often difficult. This problem has been overcome by the use of Sm-Nd isotopic analysis. The previous studies suggested that the LHS can be clearly distinguished from the GHC and THS by their Nd isotope compositions. However, the lack of detailed and systematic Sm-Nd isotopic studies of the THS across the Himalaya in general has made differentiation of this unit from the nearby GHC impossible, as the two appear to share overlapping Nd compositions and model ages. To address this problem, we systematically sam-pled and analyzed Nd isotopes of the THS in southeastern Tibet directly north of Bhutan. Our study identifies two distinctive fields in a εNd -TDM plot. The first is defined by the εNd(210 Ma) values of -3.45 to -7.34 and TDM values of 1.15 to 1.29 Ga from a Late Triassic turbidite sequence, which are broadly similar to those obtained from the Lhasa block. The second field is derived from the Early Cretaceous meta-sedimentary rocks with εNd(130 Ma) values from -15.24 to -16.61 and TDM values from 1.63 to 2.00 Ga; these values are similar to those obtained from the Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex in Bhutan directly south of our sampling traverse, which has εNd(130 Ma) values of -10.89 to -16.32 and Nd model ages (TDM) of 1.73 to 2.20 Ga. From the above observations, we suggest that the Late Triassic strata of the southeast Tibetan THS were derived from the Lhasa block in the north, while the Early Cretaceous strata of the THS were derived from a source similar to the High Himalayan Crystalline Complex or Indian craton in the south. Our interpretation is consistent with the existing palaeocurrent data and provenance analysis of the Late Triassic strata in southeastern Tibet, which indicate the sediments derived from a northern source. Thus, we suggest that the Lhasa terrane and the Indian craton were close to one another in the Late Triassic and were separated by a rift valley across which a large submarine fan was transported southward and deposited on the future northern margin of the Indian continent.     

广西姑婆山花岗岩单颗粒锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年及全岩Sr-Nd同位素研究

LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素年龄测定表明,组成广西姑婆山花岗岩的东、西岩体和里松岩体的年龄分别为160.8±1.6Ma、165.0±1.9Ma、163.0±1.3Ma,在误差范围内基本一致,说明整个姑婆山岩体是同一时代的产物,是燕山中期第一阶段华南大规模陆壳重熔型花岗岩浆活动的产物。姑婆山花岗岩中的各个岩体虽然形成于同一时代,但它们之间在岩石学、地球化学特征方面有一定的差异。除了主微量元素、稀土元素特征有所不同外,Rb-Sr、Sm-Nd同位素特征研究表明姑婆山西岩体的粗粒花岗岩、东岩体、里松岩体及其包体的平均(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.7064、εNd(t)平均为-3.03,反映它们的源区有较多地幔物质组分参与;而姑婆山西岩体的细粒花岗岩的(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.7173、εNd(t)平均为-5.00,具强烈的Eu亏损、高Rb/Sr值等特征,它的源区可能是由一个相对古老地壳组分和年轻地幔组分组成的混合源区。此外,姑婆山东岩体(GP-1)中发现的继承锆石的206Pb/238U年龄为806.4Ma,与杭州—诸广山—花山花岗岩带(HZH)上的赣北九岭堇青石花岗岩、广西英桥混合花岗岩的年龄相似,为HZH带新元古代的岩浆活动提供了锆石年代学方面的依据。     

江南古陆南缘四堡群同位素地质年代学研究

四堡群浅变质火山-沉积岩系主要出露于桂九万大山地区，是华南最古老的地层单元之一。对坛地区罗布山枕状玄武岩中细粒原生锆石进行单颗粒锆石蒸节-沉积法年龄测定，两组锆石样品获得207Pb/206Pb年龄分别为1374±20（2σ）Ma和1863±7（2σ）Ma。对宝坛地区基性和超基性火山岩进行了Sm-Nd同位素研究，获等时线年龄为1782±820（2σ）Ma，与锆石单颗粒207Pb/206Pb年龄一致，充分说明四堡群形成于中元古代早期。火山岩的εNd（t）为0.6，表明基性-超基性岩浆源自于亏损地幔。这套岩石的     

Garn Prŷs: A mid-Silurian canyon,feeder to the Denbigh Grits of North Wales

A fining-upward, siliciclastic sequence of Wenlock strata, coarsely rudaceous at the base, infilled a canyon, about 4.5 km wide and 1700 m deep, in older strata. The rudaceous deposits, at the flat base of the canyon, are composed mainly of rounded cobbles and boulders of acid volcanic rocks. These are interpreted as cohesionless debris-flow deposits that were succeeded by northward-directed high concentration turbidity currents. The infill is deduced to have been derived from a terrain of acid volcanic rocks to the south, similar in Nd isotope composition to the Llewelyn Volcanic Group of Snowdonia. It implies mid-Silurian uplift and erosion of the Harlech Dome.     

内蒙古别鲁乌图晚古生代火山岩Sm－Nd同位素研究

内蒙古别鲁乌图火山－沉积岩系主要由变质砂屑岩、凝灰质板岩、安山岩和酸性火山岩及少量玄武岩组成，成岩环境为大陆边缘裂陷盆地。９件安山岩和玄武岩全岩样品Ｓｍ－Ｎｄ同位素等时年龄为２７５±５．２Ｍａ（２δ），Ｉ＿Ｎｄ＝０．５１２１４３±３０（２δ）和ε＿Ｎｄ（ｔ）＝－２．７±２．２（２δ），这一年龄值代表了别鲁乌图组镁铁火山岩的形成时代。研究表明：玄武岩和安山岩岩浆起源于ＲＥＥ富集的地幔源并且受到了陆壳物质混染。钠长流纹斑岩和流纹质凝灰熔岩的ε＿Ｎｄ（２７５Ｍａ）值变化范围为－６．３－－５．４，明显低于安山岩和玄武岩，结合其它地质证据，我们认为：它们是大陆壳岩石重熔的产物。     

道县玄武岩中麻粒岩包体的岩石学及年代学

湖南道县虎子岩玄武岩是中生代末期形成的 ,含有较多的岩性各异的深源岩石包体。其中 ,麻粒岩包体属二辉麻粒岩 ,以含变质成因的紫苏辉石为鉴别特征。麻粒岩的平衡温压条件为 :t =845～ 95 0℃ ,p =0 .734GPa ,h =2 5km。取麻粒岩包体全岩样品及斜方辉石和长石矿物样品 ,进行Sm -Nd同位素测定。全岩两阶段模式年龄为 1.76～ 1.77Ga ;矿物等时线年龄值为 (5 44± 9)Ma ,ε=- 6 .2。由此可佐证麻粒岩包体来源于下地壳 ,其原岩是中元古宙裂谷期基性岩浆活动的产物 ,于早加里东期变质 ,其Sm -Nd同位素得到再次平衡。     

Late Archaean mantle metasomatism below eastern Indian craton: Evidence from trace elements,REE geochemistry and Sr—Nd—O isotope systematics of ultramafic dykes

Trace, rare earth elements (REE), Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd and O isotope studies have been carried out on ultramafic (harzburgite and lherzolite) dykes belonging to the newer dolerite dyke swarms of eastern Indian craton. The dyke swarms were earlier considered to be the youngest mafic magmatic activity in this region having ages not older than middle to late Proterozoic. The study indicates that the ultramafic members of these swarms are in fact of late Archaean age (Rb-Sr isochron age 2613 ± 177 Ma, Sri ∼ 0.702 ± 0.004) which attests that out of all the cratonic blocks of India, eastern Indian craton experienced earliest stabilization event. Primitive mantle normalized trace element plots of these dykes display enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILE), pronounced Ba, Nb and Sr depletions but very high concentrations of Cr and Ni. Chondrite normalised REE plots exhibit light REE (LREE) enrichment with nearly flat heavy REE (HREE; (ΣHREE)_N ∼ 2–3 times chondrite, (Gd/Yb)_N ∼ 1). The ε^Nd(t) values vary from +1.23 to -3.27 whereas δ¹⁸O values vary from +3.16‰ to +5.29‰ (average +3.97‰±0.75‰) which is lighter than the average mantle value. Isotopic, trace and REE data together indicate that during 2.6 Ga the nearly primitive mantle below the eastern Indian Craton was metasomatised by the fluid (± silicate melt) coming out from the subducting early crust resulting in LILE and LREE enriched, Nb depleted, variable ε^Nd, low Sr_i(0.702) and low δ¹⁸O bearing EMI type mantle. Magmatic blobs of this metasomatised mantle were subsequently emplaced in deeper levels of the granitic crust which possibly originated due to the same thermal pulse.     

新疆西天山查岗诺尔铁矿床成矿时代——来自石榴子石Sm-Nd等时线年龄的信息

查岗诺尔铁矿床赋存在大哈拉军山组中-上部的安山质火山碎屑岩和火山熔岩内,主矿体FeⅠ周围发育大量以石榴子石为代表的高温热液蚀变,精确厘定高温热液蚀变的时间是确定成矿作用是与火山作用有关还是由岩体侵入作用所导致的关键。石榴子石与磁铁矿体的关系最为密切,其形成时间稍早或同时于磁铁矿。石榴子石Sm-Nd同位素测试结果表明,147Sm/144Nd值为0.2792~0.5481,143Nd/144Nd值为0.512950~0.513501,7个样品拟合的线性关系良好,获得的Sm-Nd等时线年龄为(316.8±6.7)Ma,指示了高温热液蚀变的时间,表明主要磁铁矿体的形成时代为早石炭世晚期,成矿作用及高温热液蚀变可能不是矿区内二叠纪岩体侵入携带的岩浆热液与大理岩发生矽卡岩化所导致,而可能是大哈拉军山组火山岩喷发后的岩浆期后热液与下伏大理岩发生接触交代反应引起的。     

新疆阿尔泰元古代基性岩浆侵入事件

新疆阿尔泰山南缘深变质岩地层中零星出露有一些变质辉长岩,原被认为是晚古生代基性侵入体。对富蕴县乌恰沟基性岩的研究表明,乌恰沟变质基性岩是未受陆壳物质混染的上地幔部分熔融的产物,其Nd模式年龄TDM为945～977Ma,Sm-Nd等时线年龄为(974±63.4)Ma,反映了阿尔泰南缘在青白口纪初期的一次基性岩浆侵入事件。深变质围岩的Nd模式年龄为1435～1580Ma,相当于中元古代长城纪,代表了阿尔泰地区下—中元古界克木齐群形成的时代。