Mesoscale slope current variability in the Gulf of Lions. Interpretation of in-situ measurements using a three-dimensional model

The ECOLOPHY experiments aimed at investigating physical exchanges between coastal and open sea. They were carried out in June and December 2005 over the shelf-break in the North-eastern part of the Gulf of Lions (Northwestern Mediterranean Sea). This area is considered to be the generation zone for the eddy and meandering structures of the Northern Current (NC). The objective of the present work is to examine mesoscale variability of this coastal slope current in the light of available data. Numerical modeling is used to support the field data analysis. ADCP current measurements over a one-year period show that mesoscale activity is maximal in late winter, correlating with the seasonal variability of the NC and, also, partly with local winds. Measured currents exhibit mesoscale fluctuations with periods ranging from 3 to 30 days, in agreement with previous analyses. Fluctuations of periods longer than 10 days are found to be mainly oriented in the direction of the mean current, whereas more frequently observed high frequency fluctuations tend to be oriented cross-slope, suggesting a relationship with the NC mesoscale meandering. Moreover, trajectories of surdrift buoys launched in the NC vein exhibit mesoscale phenomena, such as current meanders or eddies and on-shelf intrusions. Numerical modeling provides a synoptic point of view and is used hereafter to support physical interpretation of punctual eulerian or lagrangian measurements. Therefore, modeled hydrodynamic fields are used to analyze surdrift buoy trajectories and computed vertically averaged current and Ertel potential vorticity provide a better understanding of these behaviors.     

Topographic thresholds in gully development on the hillslopes of communal areas in Ngqushwa Local Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa

The relationships between the spatial distribution of gully erosion and topographic thresholds in the form of slope angle, position and configuration, as well as land use change in the form of abandoned lands were examined in several affected catchments of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Land use and permanent gullies were mapped, digitized from orthophoto maps in Arc/info 3.5.2 GIS and converted to shapefiles using ArcView 3.2 GIS. Relationships between the mapped phenomena and topographic variables were sought using a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in Idrisi Kilimanjaro GIS. A comparison between areas with a high potential for gullying and actual gully erosion was made using the Stream Power Index (SPI) as a surrogate for critical flow shear stress. Field surveys were also conducted to assess the present condition of the gullied sites as well as to validate DEM derivations.Seventy five percent of the gullied area was noted to lie on abandoned lands. A predominance of gullying in concave bottom lands was also identified. The SPI values highlighted a distinct preferential topographic zone for gully location. A conceptual model depicting the interaction between land use and topographic parameters to induce gully erosion was developed. This should assist local authorities to develop a policy regarding management of abandoned lands.     

双向增强体复合地基桩土应力比分析

针对双向增强体复合地基,由于桩体与桩间土变形不协调,导致路堤填土内部垂直变形有差异,应力状态发生变化。引入剪切位移法来分析路基填土中水平加筋体的变形和应力传递规律,在综合考虑填土力学性质（c, ）和水平加筋体作用的基础上,通过微元体平衡分析推导得到了桩土应力比、桩顶刺入量等计算公式。通过工程实例验证公式的可靠性,并综合分析了相关因素对桩土应力比的影响,得到了一些有益的结论。     

基于柱形孔扩张大应变理论的劈裂灌浆压力研究

用劈裂灌浆防渗加固技术来改进坝体的稳定性,是非常有效的加固堤坝的方法。基于柱形孔扩张理论,考虑大变形分析,假定灌浆孔周围土体服从广义SMP准则,通过理论计算得到劈裂灌浆压力的解析解,进而分析了土体内摩擦角和粘聚力对灌浆压力的影响。结果表明,内摩擦角对灌浆压力的影响较小,而粘聚力的影响则较为明显。所得结论为劈裂灌浆加固工程提供了理论依据。     

林聪悟-直线法在基于美国混凝土规范设计中的程序实现

首先,阐述了美国ACI318-08规范中钢筋混凝土受弯、受压构件的设计原理和基本假定。与我国混凝土结构设计规范不同,ACI318-08规范是根据构件的受力破坏形态来确定名义抗压和抗弯承载力的折减系数的,相对于延性破坏,脆性破坏构件的承载力折减较多。然后,由平衡条件、平截面假定及Newton迭代格式,推导出林聪悟-直线法的计算公式。编制程序实现该算法时,须根据最大、最小配筋率的规定对迭代区域进行限定;在确定P-M相关曲线上的拐点位置的基础上,实现中性轴高度在曲线上的分段迭代。通过在曲线拐点处设置微小增量及自动调整中性轴高度等方法,解决了程序计算时可能出现的迭代发散问题。算例表明,所编制程序的计算结果具有很高的精度。     

Slope debris flows in the Wenchuan Earthquake area

Avalanches and landslides, induced by the Wenchuan Earthquake on May 12, 2008, resulted in a lot of disaggregated, solid material on slopes that could be readily mobilized as source material for debris flows. Rainstorms triggered numerous slope debris flows with great damage to highways and rivers over the subsequent two years. Slope debris flows (as opposed to channelized debris flows) are defined as phenomena in which high-concentration mixtures of debris and water flow down slopes for short distances to highways and river banks. Based on field investigations and measurements of 19 slope debris flows, their main characteristics and potential mitigation strategies were studied. High rainfall intensity is the main triggering factor. Critical rainfall intensities for simultaneous occurrence of single, several and numerous slope debris flow events were 20 mm/day, 30mm/day, and 90 mm/day, respectively. Field investigations also revealed that slope debris flows consist of high concentrations of cobbles, boulders and gravel. They are two-phase debris flows. The liquid phase plays the role of lubrication instead of transporting medium. Solid particles collide with each other and consume a lot of energy. The velocities of slope debris flows are very low, and their transport distances are only several tens of meters. Slope debris flows may be controlled by construction of drainage systems and by reforestation.     

北京地铁浅埋暗挖施工对既有桥桩的影响分析

在隧道施工影响下,建（构）筑物的上部结构及其桩基础、地层、隧道施工四者处于一个共同作用的完整体系中,每一部分的工作状态都是四者协同工作、相互影响的结果。因此,应综合考虑各影响因素。首先,岩土体是隧道与桩基相互作用的重要媒介。地铁隧道浅埋暗挖施工时必然扰动地层,地层将施工产生的变形传递到临近桩基导致桩基承载力的降低,荷载变化通过桩基向上传递使上部结构产生沉降和变形。当变形超过一定程度时,将影响上部结构的正常使用和安全。因此,在施工影响下,对既有桩基进行分析和控制以确保上部结构的安全是隧道施工穿越既有桩基的关键。在对上部结构-桩基-地层-隧道施工四者相互作用关系、桩基变形机制以及注浆加固机制进行详细论述的基础上,采用2D－Sigma有限元软件模拟北京地铁5号线雍和宫站－和平里北街站区间过桥段浅埋暗挖施工对既有桩基的影响,得出桩基变形的一般规律。同时比较分析注浆前后桩基的不同响应,提出注浆加固地层的必要性及相关的工艺参数。最后,将桩基变形的预测结果与现场实测结果进行对比分析,两者规律基本一致。研究表明,注浆加固地层对减小桩基变形、确保上部结构安全是非常有效的,这将对以后的地铁施工具有指导作用。     

强夯有效加固深度的模糊预估

将模糊信息优化处理技术应用于强夯有效加固深度的预估,编制了强夯有效加固深度模糊近似推理的计算程序KFIDM,证明该法比传统的预估方法更为有效和实用。     

刘家峡水电站扩机工程调压井结构研究

基于三维有限元法,对刘家峡水电站扩机工程调压井结构进行了静力、反应谱分析及非线性有限元分析,评价了结构的荷载效应。首先根据线弹性有限元分析结果,采用拉应力图法对调压井衬砌结构进行了配筋;然后以考虑混凝土开裂的非线性有限元方法校核结构强度和裂缝宽度。通过调整配筋面积,提出了适合于该水电站扩机工程调压井结构的最优结构型式和配筋方案。     

土工格栅加筋路堤边坡结构性能模型试验研究

通过室内小比尺模型试验,模拟了两种边坡坡比、两种格栅以及3种加筋层数共计10种边坡结构在坡顶荷载作用下边坡和土工格栅的变形规律。研究了土工格栅加筋参数对路堤边坡结构性能的影响。试验结果表明,加筋能大幅提高边坡的稳定性和承载能力,并得出了土工格栅埋在土中的力学特征,对工程实践具有一定的指导意义。