Seismic Damage to Owner-Built RC Frames in Charikot during the 2015 Nepal Earthquake Sequence

The damage to the masonry-infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings in Charikot, the capital city of Dolakha district in Nepal, during the 2015 April-to-May Nepal earthquake sequence is reported. Most of these buildings were built by the owners with little governmental inspections regarding their structural design or constructional quality. Although they generally performed better than other structural systems such as stone-masonry houses, the RC frames sustained extensive damage ranging from cracking of infill to complete collapse. In particular, eight of the 72 inspected RC frames alongside an uphill street collapsed in different ways. In addition to the un-engineered nature of these RC frames, their collapse could also be attributed to multiple technical reasons including the effect of terrain, the pounding between adjacent buildings and the accumulative damage in the earthquake sequence.     

饱和粘性土地基振击锤击碎石桩加固处理效果的应用对比

本文针对饱和粘性土地基,分别采用振击、锤击两种技术方法、工艺对其进行加固处理。结果表明:在相同布桩方案和用料条件下,振动(φ550)沉管桩较锤击(φ377)沉管桩加固效果更好。同原天然地基土相比,二者处理后的复合地基承载力和变形模量提高幅度分别为94.0%5、2.9%和65.0%、21.5%。主要因为前者有利于地基土颗粒之间的剪切与重组及其土的三维结构改变,有利于桩间土排水固结和挤密作用的发挥,且置换因素亦有较大作用;而后者不利于地基土颗粒之间的剪切与重组及其土的三维结构改变,虽然成桩密度较大,但该致密桩体却不利于超孔隙水压力的消散与桩间土排水固结作用的发挥,且由于所成桩径较小,桩体置换作用和径向挤密作用相对均较弱。     

云南漾濞6.4级地震木构架房屋震害调查与分析

地震灾害现场调查是研究结构破坏机理的科学可靠的方法之一。本文通过对云南漾濞6.4级地震中木构架房屋震害现象调查与分析,结合芦山地震中穿斗木结构的震害特征对比研究,给出了木构架房屋的抗震能力介于穿斗木结构与土木结构之间的初步结论,同时指出建造时间是木构架房屋抗震能力评估时需考虑的重要影响因素。针对漾濞县苍山西镇花椒园村背阴坡小组某夯土墙-木构架房屋倒塌的原因进行了分析,得出该房屋存在结构层间刚度不均匀、榫槽处柱截面削弱以及榫卯节点整体性差等抗震薄弱环节,导致在强地面运动的作用下发生了柱榫槽处折断和部分榫头脱落的整体倒塌震害现象。本文基于对倒塌木构架房屋的震害机理研究和抗震薄弱环节识别,可为木结构房屋抗震加固和震后修复提供参考依据。     

The impact of convergence zones on the initiation of deep convection: A case study from COPS

During the ‘Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study’ (COPS) performed in summer 2007, deep convection developed on July 15, although convective available potential energy was only moderate and convective inhibition was high. Convection was restricted to an area east of the Black Forest crest. Data analysis revealed that the convection was triggered by different mechanisms. Due to a surface high which was situated east of the Black Forest and a surface low which approached the investigation area from the west, a mesoscale convergence zone was established between the two regions and moved eastwards. Secondly, high insolation favoured the development of slope and valley winds and high evapotranspiration resulted in an increase of moisture in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). The thermally driven circulation systems formed a convergence zone along the mountain crest. When the synoptically induced mesoscale convergence zone reached the Black Forest, the different convergence zones superimposed optimally, such that strong updraughts were observed above the mountain. These updraughts penetrated the PBL-capping inversion and nearly reached the level of free convection. About 15 min after the convergence zone had passed the Black Forest crest, first clouds developed east of it. While moving further eastwards, the convergence zone intensified and became visible as a north-south oriented cloud line in the satellite images. Some deep convective cells with precipitation formed within the cloud line. The dense COPS network allowed the capture of the position and characteristics of the convergence zone and explains why convection developed in some restricted areas only.     

竹片网水泥砂浆加固承重夯土墙体抗震试验研究

为了提高村镇承重夯土墙体的抗震性能,对2片竹片网水泥砂浆加固墙体和1片未加固对比墙进行拟静力试验,研究其破坏形态、水平承载力、滞回性能和耗能等抗震性能。试验结果表明:与未加固夯土墙体相比,加固后墙体的受力性能、变形性能及耗能能力均得到明显改善;同等加固水平下:斜放竹片网对夯土墙承载力的提高显著,相比对比试件峰值荷载和极限荷载分别提高82.58%和76.97%;正放竹片网加固的墙体滞回曲线更加饱满,骨架曲线下降更加平缓,变形能力和耗能提高更加明显,相比对比试件峰值位移和极限位移分别提高63.33%和327.69%,耗能提高了781%,且正放竹片网加固施工方便,可提倡应用。总之,竹片网水泥砂浆加固方法生态经济,可明显减轻墙体的破坏,有效改善墙体抗震性能,研究成果可对村镇夯土建筑实地加固提供参考。     

边坡电渗模型试验及能量分析法数值模拟

采用导电塑料制成的电动土工合成材料(EKG)进行了15.5 d的边坡电渗加固试验,测定了电渗之后土体等含水率分布曲线。试验结果表明,电渗加固效果是随时间从阳极到阴极逐渐扩展的,因此,越靠近阳极接入点的土体加固效果越好,越靠近阴极末端的土体加固效果越差。提出了电渗能量分析法,该方法仅要求黏性土体在排水固结开始的初始时刻是处于饱和状态,而在排水固结进行的过程中土体可以是饱和的,也可以是非饱和的。提出了基于能量分析法的电渗过程数值模拟方法,并对试验过程进行了数值模拟,模拟结果与实测结果能够较为吻合。     

Dynamic response of a slope reinforced by double-row antisliding piles and pre-stressed anchor cables

Large-scale shaking table tests were conducted to study the dynamic response of a slope reinforced by double-row anti-sliding piles and prestressed anchor cables. The test results show that the reinforcement suppressed the acceleration amplification effectively. The axial force time histories are decomposed into a baseline part and a vibration part in this study. The baseline part of axial force well revealed the seismic slope stability, the peak vibration values of axial force of the anchor cables changed significantly in different area of the slope under seismic excitations. The peak lateral earth pressure acting on the back of the anti-sliding pile located at the slope toe was much larger than that acting on the back of the anti-sliding pile located at the slope waist. The test results indicate an obvious load sharing ratio difference between these two anti-slide piles, the load sharing ratio between the two anti-sliding piles located at the slope toe and the slope waist varied mainly in a range of 2-5. The anti-slide pile at the slope waist suppressed the horizontal displacement of the slope surface.     

特大跨度小净距隧道中间岩柱可靠度分析及其加固处理措施

魁岐2号隧道位于福卅I国际机场高速公路二期工程A3标段,隧道跨度达到19．9m,中间岩柱最小净距为11．7m,为国内首座双向八车道小净距隧道工程。针对魁岐2号隧道工程的特殊性,利用离散单元法对节理岩体中特大断面小净距隧道的受力情况进行了分析,根据可靠度理论,通过对魁岐2号特大断面小净距隧道中间岩柱的可靠性分析发现,对于特大断面小净距隧道,中间岩柱最薄弱的部位主要集中在岩柱上部,因此,埘于特大断面小净距隧道施工过程中宜重点对岩柱上部进行加固处理。同时,根据不同围岩级别中中间岩柱的可靠度值显示,魁岐2号特大断面小净距隧道的净距取值基本上是合理的,整体上二能满足稳定性的要求。     

Modelling the settlement behaviour of a strip footing on sloping sandy fill under cyclic loading conditions

This paper investigates the settlement behaviour of a strip footing seating on the crest of an embankment and subjected to cyclic loading. The embankment fill is a dense sand and the issue is the gradual accumulation of settlement over a large number of load repetitions. Cyclic triaxial tests were first conducted to develop a consistent but simple material model for numerical implementation. Particular emphasis was placed on linking the stress-strain behaviour of an unload-reload cycle to the accumulation of permanent strain, with only five input parameters required to model the cyclic behaviour. The material model was implemented in a numerical analysis to compute the settlement behaviour obtained from model tests conducted by another researcher. It is pertinent to highlight that the same soil, compacted to same density at same moisture content, was used for both the cyclic triaxial tests and model tests. Reasonable to good agreement between the experimental and numerical results was achieved.