相对定向中的临界配置分析

相对定向的解算需要利用足够数量的同名像点。针对同名像点对应的空间点分布处于临界配置时相对定向不能获得唯一解的问题,该文对摄影测量和计算机视觉领域内常用的相对定向算法进行了研究。分析了它们的联系和区别,利用物方形式的共面条件方程推导了临界配置中危险表面的通用方程,分析了直线和平面配置下相对定向的退化情况,并利用奇异值分解推导了不同相对定向算法的临界配置条件。     

基于单位四元数的绝对定向直接解法

摄影测量学中传统的绝对定向一般是迭代算法,需要比较准确的迭代初值.在简要介绍四元数的基础上,通过严格的理论推导得到了一套无需迭代、直接求解绝对定向参数的算法.算法的主要原理是用单位四元数描述坐标旋转变换关系,并将绝对定向问题转变为一个最优化问题进行求解.最后通过模拟数据进行仿真计算试验,验证了算法的正确性和可靠性.     

基准站设置对POS系统定位精度的影响

利用实际航摄资料分析了地面基准站设置对机载POS系统定位精度的影响,比较了利用其定位结果进行POS辅助空中三角测量和直接对地目标定位的精度。实验表明,架设GPS基准站可以明显提高POS系统定位的高程精度,无地面基准站的POS系统定位结果可满足1∶50000小比例尺航测成图的精度要求。     

质心法在航空影像框标定位中的应用

航片框标定位的精度直接影响摄影测量测图的质量,传统的基于影像匹配的框标定位算法精度只能达到像素级。文中提出一种模板匹配与质心法相结合的航片框标定位方法,先利用模板匹配进行概略定位,再利用质心法进行框标点的精确定位,将精度提高到亚像素级。实验证明该方法可以有效地提高精度。     

陀螺定向中几个常见问题的应用分析

文章就陀螺定向应用过程中,如何减少定向时间、节省电量、保证定向精度等几个常见问题进行了分析,主要从仪器常数的稳定性、零位改正、粗定向简化几方面着手,通过实验测试,分析了仪器常数的特性、零位改正的规范要求与应用、粗定向简化的方案,并对本文中提出的方法结合工程实际进行验证,结果表明,能够加快作业速度、提高定向效率.     

利用测日实现快速天文定向

介绍了天文方位角测量原理,给出了实用的计算太阳视位置的方法;研究了在白天恒星无法应用的情况下,利用电子经纬仪测日进行快速天文定向及方位角测量,给出了具体的实施方法及数据解算过程,并对实际测量数据进行了精度分析.     

Radio source instability in VLBI analysis

The source position time-series for many of the frequently observed radio sources in the NASA geodetic very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) program show systematic linear and non-linear variations of as much as 0.5 mas (milli-arc-seconds) to 1.0 mas, due mainly to source structure changes. In standard terrestrial reference frame (TRF) geodetic solutions, it is a common practice to only estimate a global source position for each source over the entire history of VLBI observing sessions. If apparent source position variations are not modeled, they produce corresponding systematic variations in estimated Earth orientation parameters (EOPs) at the level of 0.02–0.04 mas in nutation and 0.01–0.02 mas in polar motion. We examine the stability of position time-series of the 107 radio sources in the current NASA geodetic source catalog since these sources have relatively dense observing histories from which it is possible to detect systematic variations. We consider different strategies for handling source instabilities where we (1) estimate the positions of unstable sources for each session they are observed, or (2) estimate spline parameters or rate parameters for sources chosen to fit the specific variation seen in the position-time series. We found that some strategies improve VLBI EOP accuracy by reducing the biases and weighted root mean square differences between measurements from independent VLBI networks operating simultaneously. We discuss the problem of identifying frequently observed unstable sources and how to identify new sources to replace these unstable sources in the NASA VLBI geodetic source catalog.     

The International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS): current capabilities and future prospects

Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) plays a unique and fundamental role in the maintenance of the global (terrestrial and celestial) reference frames, which are required for precise positioning in many research areas such as the understanding and monitoring of global changes, and for space missions. The International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS) coordinates the global VLBI components and resources on an international basis. The service is tasked by the International Association of Geodesy (IAG) and International Astronomical Union (IAU) to provide products for the realization of the Celestial Reference Frame (CRF) through the positions of quasars, to deliver products for the maintenance of the terrestrial reference frame (TRF), such as station positions and their changes with time, and to generate products describing the rotation and orientation of the Earth. In particular, VLBI uniquely provides direct observations of nutation parameters and of the time difference UT1-UTC. This paper summarizes the evolution and current status of the IVS. It points out the activities to improve further on the product quality to meet future service requirements.     

用定向定位调整法确定区域性椭球面

为使GPS网严格地归算到地方独立坐标系，提出了一种使区域性椭球面更密切地吻合于既定投影面的新方法；先改动已知椭球的长半径和偏心经，使椭球面与投影面在位置基准点处相交，再对椭球的定向进行调整，以消除椭球面相对于投影面的倾斜。为此，推导出作为旋转角的垂线偏差分量与大地高变动量之间的函数关系式，以及由于重新定向而引起的椭球中心的平移公式。尔后利用宁波市GPS控制网实测资料验证了新方法的有效性。     

基于POS数据的核线影像生成方法

提出一种对已知外方位元素的立体影像实施灰度重采样生成核线影像对的方法,推导了核线影像与原始影像之间的严密几何关系,并利用一组摄于某山区的1∶3000比例尺实际航空影像验证了所建立几何关系的正确性和方法的可行性。试验表明,利用光束法区域网平差和经检校后的POS影像外方位元素生成的核线影像对与基于常规相对定向方法所生成的核线影像对具有相同的质量,同名点的上下视差在1像元以内,完全可以满足摄影测量立体观测的要求;而采用未经检校的POS影像外方位元素所生成的同名核线影像对带有约70像元的上下视差,无法用于立体观测。