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41.
Technical difficulties associated with excavation works in tectonized geological settings are frequent. They comprise instantaneous
and/or delayed convergence, sudden collapse of gallery roof and/or walls, outpouring of fault-filling materials and water
inflows. These phenomena have a negative impact on construction sites and their safety. In order to optimize project success,
preliminary studies on the reliability of rock material found on site are needed. This implies in situ investigations (surface
mapping, prospective drilling, waterflow survey, etc.) as well as laboratory investigations on rock samples (permeability
determination, moisture and water content, mineralogy, petrography, geochemistry, mechanical deformation tests, etc.). A set
of multiple parameters are then recorded which permit better insight on site conditions and probable behavior during excavation.
Because rock formations are by nature heterogeneous, many uncertainties remain when extrapolating large-scale behavior of
the rock mass from analyses of samples order of magnitudes smaller. Indirect large-scale field investigations (e.g. geophysical
prospecting) could help to better constrain the relationships between lithologies at depth. At a much smaller scale, indirect
analytical methods are becoming more widely used for material investigations. We discuss in this paper X-ray computed tomography
(XRCT) and neutron tomography (NT), showing promising results for 3D petrographical investigations of the internal structure
of opaque materials. Both techniques record contrasts inside a sample, which can be interpreted and quantified in terms of
heterogeneity. This approach has the advantage of combining genetic parameters (physico-chemical rock composition) with geometric
parameters resulting from alteration or deformation processes (texture and structure). A critical analysis of such 3D analyses
together with the results of mechanical tests could improve predictions of short- and long-term behavior of a rock unit. Indirect
methods have the advantage of being non-destructive. However, as it is the case with large-scale geophysical surveying, XRCT
and NT are affected by several error factors inherent to the interaction of a radiation modality (X-ray or neutron beam) with
the atomic structure of the investigated materials. Recorded signals are therefore in particular cases not artifact-free and
need to be corrected in a subsequent stage of data processing. 相似文献
42.
测绘运筹学在GIS工程建设中的应用 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
简要介绍了测绘运筹学及其性质 ;系统科学体系结构 ;系统特征 ;系统方法与原理。在此基础上讨论了测绘运筹学与 GIS的关系及在 GIS工程建设中的应用 ,包括可行性研究阶段的应用 ;要求分析阶段的应用 ;设计阶段的应用 ;运行维护阶段的应用 ;系统实现阶段的应用和决策应用等。 相似文献
43.
试论西部大开发与国防建设 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
根据我国国土形状呈三叶螺旋浆形的特征,指出了我国经济建设,国防建设和行政管理均应实行中心辐射型结构模式,述了我国经济建设与国防建设相结合的措施,将经济区以国防功能区分为核心经济区,纽带经济区,支撑经济区,有序建成这三类经济区,以适应形势发展的需要,扩大我国的战略防御向纵深发展。 相似文献
44.
气举反循环钻深度的理论计算与加深试验 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
运用气举反循环钻进、在满足一定条件下适当增加双壁钻具长度即可得到较大钻进孔深,本文通过理论计算及实验,证实了使用现有设备,气举气循环可以更好的满足超午米深水井的施工要求。 相似文献
45.
地下贯通工程测量方案的优化理论和方法 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
地下贯通工程的控制测量导线多为加测陀累方位角的导线,本文讨论了贯通工程导线加测陀螺边的个数,位置,以及提高其可靠性,经济性的有关问题。 相似文献
46.
A. Deutsch R. A. F. Grieve M. Avermann L. Bischoff P. Brockmeyer D. Buhl R. Lakomy V. Müller-Mohr M. Ostermann D. Stöffler 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1995,84(4):697-709
The occurrence of shock metamorphic features substantiates an impact origin for the 1.85 Ga old Sudbury Structure, but this has not been universally accepted. Recent improvements in knowledge of large-scale impact processes, combined with new petrographic, geochemical, geophysical (LITHOPROBE) and structural data, allow the Sudbury Structure to be interpreted as a multi-ring impact structure. The structure consists of the following lithologies: Sudbury Breccia —dike breccias occurring up to 80 km from the Sudbury Igneous Complex (SIC); Footwall rocks and Footwall Breccia — brecciated, shocked crater floor materials, in part thermally metamorphosed by the overlying SIC; Sublayer and Offset Dikes, Main Mass of the SIC and Basal Member of the Onaping Formation (OF) — geochemically heterogeneous coherent impact melt complex ranging from inclusion-rich basal unit through a dominantly inclusion-free to a capping inclusion-rich impact melt rock; Grey Member of OF — melt-rich impact breccia (suevite); Green Member of OF — thin layer of fall back ejecta; Black Member of OF — reworked and redeposited breccia material; Onwatin and Chelmsford Formations — post-impact sediments. Observational and analytical data support an integrated step-by-step impact model for the genesis of these units. Analysis of the present spatial distribution of various impact-related lithologies and shock metamorphic effects result in an estimated original rim-to-rim diameter of the final crater of 200 or even 280 km for the Sudbury Structure, prior to tectonic thrusting and deformation during the Penokean orogeny. 相似文献
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