四川盆地及其周缘下古生界页岩气保存条件研究

页岩气的勘探表明,页岩含气已成为一个不争的事实,但是含气的规模以及是否具有工业价值需要进一步研究。与美国相比,中国页岩气具有独特的地质条件,页岩气保存条件可能是中国南方下古生界页岩气勘探研究的重点。文中以四川盆地及其周缘下古生界下寒武统和上奥陶统-下志留统页岩层系为研究对象,从物质基础、构造作用和演化历史、地层水条件、盖层及其微观性质、天然气组分和压力系数等几个方面对页岩气的保存条件进行研究,并综合分析各种指标,提出页岩气保存条件综合评价指标体系,以期对四川盆地及其周缘下古生界页岩气勘探提供更进一步的参考资料。     

Graptolite‐Derived Organic Matter and Pore Characteristics in the Wufeng‐Longmaxi Black Shale of the Sichuan Basin and its Periphery

A key target of shale gas exploration and production in China is the organic-rich black shale of the Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery. The set of black shale contains abundant graptolites, which are mainly preserved as flattened rhabdosomes with carbonized periderms, is an important organic component of the shale. However, few previous studies had focused on the organic matter (OM) which is derived from graptolite and its pore structure. In particular, the contributions of graptolites to gas generation, storage, and flow have not yet been examined. In this study, focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM) was used to investigate the characteristics of the graptolite-derived OM and the micro-nanopores of graptolite periderms. The results suggested that the proportion of OM in the graptolite was between 19.7% and 30.2%, and between 8.9% and 14.4% in the surrounding rock. The total organic carbon (TOC) content of the graptolite was found to be higher than that of the surrounding rock, which indicated that the graptolite played a significant role in the dispersed organic matter. Four types of pores were developed in the graptolite periderm, including organic gas pores, pyrite moulage pores, authigenic quartz moldic pores, and micro-fractures. These well-developed micro-nano pores and fractures had formed an interconnected system within the graptolites which provided storage spaces for shale gas. The stacked layers and large accumulation of graptolites resulted in lamellation fractures openning easily, and provided effective pathways for the gas flow. A few nanoscale gas pores were observed in the graptolite-derived OM, with surface porosity lie in 1.5%–2.4%, and pore diameters of 5–20 nm. The sapropel detritus was determined to be rich in nanometer-sized pores with surface porosity of 3.1%–6.2%, and pore diameters of 20–80 nm. Due to the small amount of hydrocarbon generation of the graptolite, supporting the overlying pressure was difficult, which caused the pores to become compacted or collapsed.     

川东北地区七里峡剖面须家河组泥岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

泥岩中对沉积环境敏感的元素或元素比值可以定性或半定量地反映古沉积环境。研究通过川东北地区七里峡剖面须家河组12件泥岩样品的扫描电镜观察,主微量元素、X射线衍射的测试分析,开展了该区古气候、古环境及物源特征研究。研究结果表明,七里峡剖面须家河组细粒泥岩样品中的粘土矿物以伊-蒙混层矿物为主(含量62%～88%),其次是绿泥石(3%～19%)、伊利石(3%～11%)、高岭石(1%～9%),Fe O/Mn O值为28. 08～104. 23,反映七里峡地区晚三叠世总体温暖潮湿的气候条件,其中须三、五段沉积期气候较为温湿,须一、二、四段沉积期气候略干热;较低的Li、Sr、Ni、Ga丰度及Sr/Ba值(0. 08～0. 24)揭示了须家河组泥岩沉积时水体盐度较低; V/(V+Ni)值(0.69～0.85)和Ceanom(0. 26～0. 30)等指示须家河组沉积时期为缺氧的还原环境,且须一段到须五段水体的还原性逐渐减弱;研究区样品的稀土元素配分曲线与南秦岭、龙门山和米仓山-大巴山地区类似,指示了区内早期物源主要来自南秦岭地区闪长岩、花岗岩和玄武岩的混合,部分来自龙门山地区的花岗岩,晚期物质来源以米仓山-大巴山花岗岩为主。     

四川盆地及邻区寒武纪古地理与构造-沉积环境演化

四川盆地寒武纪台地滩相储集体是一套重要的油气勘探目的层,准确预测其发育部位、储集性能与分布规律是其油气勘探的重要基础,其中,寒武纪不同地质历史时期古地理与构造-沉积环境的研究是储集体预测的关键。根据野外实测剖面、钻井和测井分析、地震资料,应用活动论构造-古地理思想,在沉积地质条件、区域连井地层剖面,地层厚度与沉积相等分析的基础上,综合编制了寒武纪各个时期的构造-沉积环境图件,反映了四川盆地寒武纪的古地理特征及盆地演化。四川盆地寒武纪整体呈现西高东低、北高南低的古地理格局,西部发育潮坪和滨岸等碎屑岩沉积相,中东部发育缓坡相、台地相及台地边缘浅滩相等。沉积相在时空上的响应为由早寒武世梅树村期局限台地→筇竹寺期碎屑岩台地和深水盆地→早寒武世沧浪铺期滨岸-混积台地→早寒武世龙王庙期碳酸盐岩缓坡→中寒武世陡坡寺期蒸发局限镶边台地→中晚寒武世洗象池期成熟镶边台地的演化过程。其中,筇竹寺期为巨厚的烃源岩生成期;龙王庙期和洗象池期,为碳酸盐岩储集层发育的有利时期;龙王庙期及陡坡寺期发育的蒸发岩可形成良好的盖层。     

Three-Dimensional In Situ Stress-Field Simulations of Shale Gas Formations: A Case Study of the 5th Member of the Xujiahe Formation in the Xinchang Gas Field, West Sichuan Depression

This work established a geological model for the 5th member of the Xujiahe Formation (X5 member) in the Xinchang gas field of the West Sichuan Depression based on the lithological, structural and depositional properties, as well as logging and well completion data and drill-core observations. Rock mechanical parameters were calculated according to rock mechanic experiments and rock mechanic interpretations from logging data. We also calculated the magnitudes and orientations of the in situ stresses based on acoustic emission tests, differential strain tests, fracturing behaviour and logging interpretations as well as anisotropy logging tests, borehole-breakout measurements and well-log data. Additionally, the present stress field of the X5 member was simulated using finite element numerical (FEM) simulation methods. The numerical simulation results indicate that the distributions of lithology and fractures are key factors that influence the present stress field. The stress field in the study area is discontinuous as a result of fractures and faults in the central and eastern areas. Stress is concentrated at the end sections and bends of faults, but dissipates with distance away from both sides of the faults. A longitudinal profile clearly demonstrates the zonality and continuity of the stress field and an increase with depth. The differential stress distribution is relatively uniform; however, large deviations occur in fracture zones.     

攀西宁南地区上震旦统灯影组麦地坪段C、O同位素特征和震旦系/寒武系界线的划分

对上震旦统灯影组麦地坪段的C、O同位素组成进行了分析,并根据δ13C值在剖面上的变化特征,讨论了该地区震旦系/寒武系的界线。结果表明,麦地坪段白云岩δ13C值在-3.19‰~2.86‰之间,平均值为0.10‰;δ18O值在-10.75‰~-5.17‰之间,平均值为-7.82‰。在剖面上δ13C值出现了有规律的变化,剖面下部2～21层,δ13C值均为正值,在0.04‰~1.68‰之间,平均值为0.92‰;上部23～32层,δ13C值均为负值,在-3.19‰~-1.42‰之间,平均值为-2.13‰,δ13C值存在一个显著的负漂移,变化高达4‰。麦地坪段白云岩δ13C值的变化特征与国内外同期地层非常相似,具有全球可对比性,可作为震旦系/寒武系划分的地球化学标志。     

The Genetic Relationship between the H2S-bearing Gas in Sichuan Basin and Lead-Zinc-Copper Deposits around the Basin

金属元素的搬运和沉淀是热液矿床成矿机理研究的重要方面.目前人们普遍认为热液矿床中金属元素主要呈硫的络合物和卤素络合物形式搬运.MVT铅锌矿床等硫化物矿床盐度较高,包裹体成分中阳离子以Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+为主,阴离子以Cl-、F-、CO32-为主,很少有HS-、S2-,表明金属元素主要以氯的络合物形式搬运,外来硫的加入是导致铅锌成矿物质以硫化物形式沉淀成矿的关键.四川盆地天然气中富含H2S,其与周缘MVT 铅锌矿床具有密切的时空关系,据此推测天然气中的H2S可能是导致铅锌硫化物沉淀形成MVT铅锌矿床的主要硫源,天然气中的H2S与铅锌成矿流体在古油藏中作用形成含沥青的铅锌矿床;当含硫化氢的天然气运移离开古油藏后与含矿流体混合时,形成不含沥青的铅锌矿床.另外,石油热裂解产生的不含H2S的天然气使得含铜热液中的铜还原,以自然铜形式沉淀形成含沥青的玄武岩铜矿;石油热化学硫酸盐还原(TSR)过程中,还会发生溶蚀作用,扩大碳酸盐岩孔隙,为成矿提供空间.     

川西可尔因锂矿田云母矿物化学及稀有金属成矿和 找矿指示

为明确可尔因矿田岩浆演化过程中锂的迁移与富集,指明稀有金属矿床的找矿方向,文章通过野外地质观察、室内岩矿鉴定及云母LA-ICP-MS原位测试,发现随着岩浆分异程度的增强,云母由镁铁质黑云母演化为硅铝白云母,以云母Mg~#/n(Li)值作为岩体分异程度指示,显示其与亲铁元素组合(V、Cr、Co、Ni)、稀碱金属(Li、Rb、Cs)、稀有金属(Nb、Ta、Sn)及稀散元素(Ga)和指示岩浆演化的元素对(Nb/Ta、K/Rb)均存在显著的相关性。根据岩体结晶环境、源区类型及云母结晶时对应熔(流)体中的Li含量,将可尔因矿田岩浆-热液活动划分为3期次7阶段,进而指出矿田内第三期次一、二阶段岩浆热液活动为Li迁移与富集的主要阶段。该过程中深源Li成矿元素和热量持续供给、早阶段岩体黑云母分解、三叠系围岩混染和上侵流体圈闭促成了富Li熔(流)体的形成与就位,表明矿田内及外围寻找岩浆型锂矿和三叠系层控富锂矿体的潜力。结合Li和其他稀有金属的相关性,指明了Sn、Nb、Ta等稀有金属元素的找矿方向。     

川西北地区泥盆系观雾山组紫红色白云岩成因初探

川西北地区泥盆系观雾山组是新发现的重要天然气产层。在青川何家梁以及葛底坝等地区,泥盆系观雾山组存在一种特殊紫红色调的白云岩,目前对该白云岩成因及形成环境的研究较为薄弱。本次研究采用宏观与微观、矿物学与地球化学相结合的方式对该白云岩进行了系统分析。该类白云岩呈紫红、肉红等色调,单层厚度3~50cm,显微镜下岩石本身呈晶粒结构。对其成因初步分析认为：白云岩中的紫红色、肉红色是一种次生色,是铁元素富集后被氧化的颜色;白云岩存在暴露、岩溶、垮塌现象,指示其形成于古地貌相对较高的局限蒸发环境;只有白云石核心变色,说明其形成时间较早,应为准同生期在相对局限的环境下,颗粒被富含铁元素的水体浸泡侵染所致,随后颗粒外继续形成白云石胶结物将其包裹。紫红色白云岩相对发育的地层往往白云岩的储层厚度大,物性好,岩溶现象发育,储集空间类型多样,是该地区油气勘探的一种重要指示标志。     

四川冕宁木落寨稀土矿床成岩成矿的^40Ar／^39Ar年代学研究

杞落寨稀土矿床位于四川省冕宁县境内,雅砻江西侧。矿体产于英碱正长岩与变质辉绿岩和大理岩接触的构造破碎带中此前,英碱正长岩被认为形成于燕山期,但没有任何同位素年龄资料的报道本文通过~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar 快中子活化分析,得出英碱正长岩微斜长石的~(40)At/~(39)Ar 坪年龄为31.2±0.56Ma,等时线年龄为30.6±2.6Ma。矿石金云母的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar 坪年龄为35.5±0.5Ma,等时线年龄为35±1Ma。微斜长石的年龄比金云母年龄偏小,是因为两者的 Ar 同位素封闭温度不同,前者约为170℃,而后者为350℃。两者年龄差较大表明在35.5～31.2Ma 之间,矿体和岩体均进入了较慢冷却阶段,冷却速率约为41.9℃/Ma。因此,木落寨矿床的矿石与英碱正长岩的形成年龄接近,均属新生代喜马拉雅期木落寨矿床成岩成矿年龄的确定,对于进一步了解该区域偏碱性火成岩的形成时代及拓宽区域稀土找矿远景,具有很大意义。