精密弦矢导线法与边角导线法比较浅析

精密导线法分为边角导线法和弦矢导线法，是监测水库拱坝水平位移的重要方法。弦矢导线法是根据导线边工变和矢距变化的观测值来得坝体的实际变形量；边角导线法则是根据导线边长变化和导线的转折角观测值来计算坝体的变形量。比较分析了边角导线法和弦矢导线法的设计原理与设计方法，认为精密弦矢导线法与精密边角导线法相比具有如下优点：（1）复测简单，速度快，劳动强度小；（2）精密高且稳定，不受折光等外界条件影响；（3）便于采用数字化遥测，可为实现位移值计算自动化奠定良好基础。     

Influence of groundwater pumping on streamflow restoration following upstream dam removal

We compared streamflow in basins under the combined impacts of an upland dam and groundwater pumping withdrawals, by examining streamflow in the presence and absence of each impact. As a qualitative analysis, inter‐watershed streamflow comparisons were performed for several rivers flowing into the east side of the Central Valley, CA. Results suggest that, in the absence of upland dams supporting large reservoirs, some reaches of these rivers might develop ephemeral streamflow in late summer. As a quantitative analysis, we conducted a series of streamflow/groundwater simulations (using MODFLOW‐2000 plus the streamflow routing package, SFR1) for a representative hypothetical watershed, with an upland dam and groundwater pumping in the downstream basin, under humid, semi‐arid, and arid conditions. As a result of including the impact of groundwater pumping, post‐dam removal simulated streamflow was significantly less than natural streamflow. The model predicts extensive ephemeral conditions in the basin during September for both the arid and semi‐arid cases. The model predicts continued perennial conditions in the humid case, but spatially weighted, average streamflow of only 71% of natural September streamflow, as a result of continued pumping after dam removal. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

弹性波法在水库坝基检测中的应用

许多水库大坝,特别是土、石坝,由于长年自然因素和人为破坏,普遍存在渗漏现象.为了维护水库的正常使用,对水库大坝的隐患进行检测,显得尤其重要.采用弹性波法中的垂直反射波法和瞬态面波法,利用坝基缺陷可能造成的反射波场和速度变化特征,给出了综合检测水库土、石坝基缺陷情况的方法技术.通过实践,验证了采用综合方法技术进行检测的有效性和实用性.     

Sustaining China’s large rivers: River development policy,impacts, institutional issues and strategies for future improvement

The sustainable management of China’s rivers is very important to the well-being of both the environment and its people. Yet the country’s rivers are now facing imminent threats from river overexploitation. The deteriorating condition serves as a stark reminder that relevant policies must be revised to ensure their wiser stewardship. In this short critical review, we first briefly stated river development history and various impacts arising from river overexploitation. We then elaborated the issues in river management, which connived numerous behaviors neglecting river degradation happened at all institutional levels. Based on the weakness, we proposed some policy recommendations to sustain China’s rivers and balance river development and conservation. The article concludes by proposing the development of a national river protection law to reinforce integrated river management, improve the implementation of environment impact assessments, and fulfill long-term goals for river conservation and sustainable development.     

Assessment of a spatial multi-criteria evaluation to site selection underground dams in the Alborz Province,Iran

Most part of Iran is arid and semi-arid; thus in most parts of the region, groundwater is the only source of water. This research presents a method based on a spatial multi-criterion evaluation (SMCE) for designing possible sites of underground dams and ranks them according to their suitability. The method was tested for siting underground dams in the Alborz Province, Iran. At first, screening algorithm was applied using exclusionary criteria, and thirty-one potential areas were recognized in the study area. In the next step, a suitable gorge or valley was recognized using the combination of basic maps and extensive field surveys (long axis of tank level) in each potential area. Subsequently, the analytical hierarchy process was used as a powerful tool for decision-making in the SMCE in order to evaluate different criteria for underground dam sites. SMCE techniques were then applied to combine the criteria, and obtain a suitability map in the study area. These sites were then compared and ranked according to their main criteria such as water, storage, axis and socio-economics. All these criteria were assessed through geographical information system modelling. This method shows passable results and could be used for site selection of underground dams in other regions of Iran.     

基于EEMD的大坝变形多步预测方法研究

针对大坝变形具有非线性和非平稳性的特点,提出一种基于集合经验模态分解(EEMD)的大坝变形多步预测新算法。首先从时频分析出发,利用集合经验模态分解将变形时间序列分解成具有不同频率特征的分量;然后采用游程判定法对波动程度相似的分量重构为高、中和低频3个分量;最后对3个分量分别建立相应的多步预测模型,叠加各预测值即为最终预测结果。经算例验证,并与AR模型、BP神经网络和支持向量机的多步预测进行对比分析,同时建立不同预测步长进一步验证。结果表明,该算法预测精度较高,在大坝变形波动剧烈的时段也能保证较好的预测效果,可以应用于大坝变形预测。     

Influence of regional background stress fields on the spontaneous rupture of the major faults around Xiluodu dam,China

Simulations of the spontaneous rupture of potential earthquakes in the vicinity of reservoir dams can provide accurate parameters for seismic resilience assessment, which is essential for improving the seismic performance of reservoir dams. In simulations of potential spontaneous ruptures, fault geometry, regional stress fields, constitutive parameters of the fault friction law, and many other factors control the slip rate, morphology, and dislocation of the rupture, thereby affecting the simulated ground motion parameters. The focus of this study was to elucidate the effects of the background stress field on the nucleation and propagation of spontaneous ruptures based on the factors influencing potential M > 7 earthquake events on the Leibo Middle Fault (LBMF) and the Mabian-Yanjing Fault (MB-YJF) in the Xiluodu dam (XLD) region. Our simulation results show that the magnitude of the regional background stress field plays a decisive role in whether a destructive earthquake exceeding the critical magnitude will occur. We found that the direction and magnitude of the regional stress significantly affect the range of rupture propagation on the fault plane, and fault geometry affects the spatial distribution of the rupture range. Under the same regional stress field magnitude and orientation, a more destructive, high-magnitude earthquake is more likely to occur on the LBMF than on the MB-YJF.     

基于TLS的多变量灰色模型在大坝变形预报中的应用

传统多变量灰色模型MGM(1,n)的背景值误差会使得求解的灰色参数精度降低。总体最小二乘是一种可以同时顾及到观测误差与模型系数矩阵误差的数学方法。基于此,引入TLS对传统MGM(1,n)模型的灰色参数进行修正。通过对某大坝变形数据试算,验证表明,该方法能够有效地提高变形预报精度。     

神经网络融合模型在大坝安全监控中的应用

为了提高大坝安全监控模型的预测精度并检验模型的泛化能力,研究大坝安全监控的统计模型、BP神经网络模型及遗传神经网络模型,并提出基于这两种神经网络的融合模型,结合某拱坝长期的变形观测数据,对上述几种模型进行试算。分析结果表明,所建立的融合模型与其他模型相比具有较高的预测精度,且泛化能力较强,具有良好的适用性。     

IBIS-L系统及其在大坝变形监测中的应用

主要介绍了地基合成孔径雷达,阐述了干涉测量成像系统IBIS-L的结构和基本原理,将IBIS-L系统应用于国内外几个大坝的变形计算与分析,获得了较为准确的大坝位移量,认为IBIS-L系统可以应用于大坝的变形监测,同时认为大坝变形监测时受大气的影响较大,如何有效地进行大气影响改正和提高IBIS-L技术的变形监测精度是值得深入研究的课题。