新疆喀拉通克铜镍矿田成矿条件、岩浆通道与成矿潜力分析

位于中亚造山带北缘的喀拉通克早二叠世铜镍硫化物矿区是新疆规模最大的铜镍矿山,包含13个岩体,相当部分为隐伏岩体,其中1号、2号、3号、9号矿床为主力矿床,经过30余年持续开发,最大开采深度已达740 m,已面临后备资源不足的危机。已知矿体主要产于辉长岩、苏长岩、辉长苏长岩以及橄榄苏长岩中,甚至角闪辉长岩局部也含矿,未见超镁铁岩产出,具有显著的磁性(200 nT)、重力(0.29×10~(-5)m/s~2)、激化率异常,以镁铁岩含矿、岩体规模小且成群成带、分异演化程度高、富铜(Cu/Ni约3:2)、PGE较高、块状硫化物贯入矿体普遍发育为特色。其围岩为含炭质板岩、片岩和凝灰岩,变形强烈,常规电法受到炭质层的干扰。依据岩石学、地球化学研究,岩浆源于软流圈地幔,基于与东天山同期铜镍矿床含矿岩相及其比例和剩余重力异常的比较,推断其应发育有相当比例的超镁铁岩,因而深部出现超基性岩的可能性很高,且含矿性应更好。这一推断得到坑道钻探的证实,2013年矿区在Y2岩体东段650~740 m深度和Y2岩体西段400~500 m深度发现隐伏超镁铁岩且含矿,局部见贯入块状矿体。橄榄辉石岩、辉石橄榄岩系矿区首次发现,粒度很细,发育强烈的蛇纹石化、纤闪石化,推测只是隐伏超基性岩的头部。结合控岩控矿构造的追溯及南、北岩带的侧伏和倾伏方向判断,硫化物珠滴构造的发现与系统观测统计,围岩烘烤边和角岩化的研究分析,提出南岩带主岩浆通道位于Y2与Y3岩体之间,而不是原普遍认为的岩浆通道位于Y1与Y2岩体之间。结合矿区的现状,提出采用高分辨率浅层地震、CSAMT和瞬变电磁地-井测量,结合传统的高精度重力勘探、磁法勘探和激发极化法来勘探和预测南岩带深部隐伏含矿超镁铁岩的空间位置和产状,圈定岩浆通道和隐伏铜镍矿体,进而推动北岩带和外围G21、22号岩体的深部探矿工作。     

陕西小秦岭金矿的富化与动力成矿作用的关系

本文用动力成矿观点对小秦岭金矿田富矿体的形成提出了新的解释,对本区的动力成矿特点作了较详细的说明。文中联系到地壳演化的不同阶段对金矿的富化过程进行了较深入的讨论,并提出了新的成矿系列。笔者以基础地质、大地构造和同位素年龄资料为依据对小秦岭金矿田含金石英脉的成因提出了与前人不同的新观点,认为它是晋宁晚期岩浆期后热液矿床。     

广西大厂锡多金属矿田西矿带稀散元素铟的富集规律研究——来自矿石组构和闪锌矿地球化学的证据

广西大厂锡多金属矿田是世界最主要的铟产地之一,对其的富集机制还有很大争议。文章以大厂矿田西矿带高峰矿床和铜坑矿床中的闪锌矿为研究对象,在野外和室内矿相显微观察的基础上,应用高精度电子探针与等离子体质谱分析手段,研究稀散元素铟的空间分布规律、赋存状态及与主成矿元素的关系,揭示其在闪锌矿中的富集规律。实验结果表明,铜坑矿床中闪锌矿内稀散元素铟的含量随深度增加而减少,而高峰矿床中铟含量却保持稳定;铟主要以类质同象形式赋存,与铜以双替代锌的形式进入闪锌矿晶格中,也不排除铟以微细包体形式赋存的可能。结合前人研究,推断燕山晚期复式岩体岩浆演化末期花岗斑岩侵位冷却过程中,岩浆结晶产生的富铟、铜等流体对早期生成的闪锌矿进行交代并富集。这一研究结果为寻找稀散元素铟指示了方向。     

福建省紫金山矿田龙江亭矿床地质和成矿流体特征及成因意义

龙江亭矿床地处福建省紫金山矿田的西南部,矿体受北西向断裂控制,产于燕山早期中细粒花岗岩中。含矿岩体整体遭受硅化-绢云母化-伊利石化-蒙脱石化,浅部为强硅化-迪开石化,深部保留有钾化;后期蚀变主要分布在地表,为硅化-高岭土化和褐铁矿化,偶见萤石化、重晶石化、石膏化。矿物组合和穿插关系显示,成矿前为无矿石英脉;成矿期脉体矿物组合为石英-绢云母-黄铁矿-铜硫化物;成矿后脉体矿物组合为石英-方解石±石膏。根据矿石组构和铜硫化物类型,成矿期脉体可细分为3个亚类或阶段:早阶段为黄铁矿-黄铜矿组合,浸染状和网脉浸染状构造,见于矿体深部;中阶段为黄铁矿-黄铜矿-斑铜矿-硫砷铜矿组合,具梳状、胶状或皮壳状构造,见于矿体中部;晚阶段为蓝辉铜矿-铜蓝组合,浸染状或晶簇构造,见于浅部坑道和地表。早阶段脉体矿物含大量富液相包裹体,少量富气相包裹体,均一温度为262~403℃,w(Na Cleq)介于0.2%~18.6%,显示中-高温热液的特征;中阶段脉体中的包裹体几乎全部均一到液相,完全均一温度为201~302℃,峰值为250℃,w(Na Cleq)介于0.2%~10.1%,总体显示中-低温热液的特征;晚阶段包裹体全部均一到液相,均一温度为117~250℃,w(Na Cleq)介于0.4%~9.5%之间,表现出低温、低盐度大气降水热液的特征。根据蚀变类型确定成矿期logf(O2)=-42~-38,p H值=3~5;根据金属矿物组合估算出中阶段logf(S2)=-9±,晚阶段logf(S2)=-6.5±。龙江亭矿床硫逸度-温度变化规律不同于世界上其他岩浆-流体成矿系统,可能经历了2次成矿事件,后期的高硫型浅成低温热液成矿作用叠加在早期的斑岩型矿床之上,一方面造成了复杂多样的蚀变类型、矿物组合和矿石组构,另一方面继承、残留了斑岩型矿床的特征。因此,其属于叠合成因的斑岩型-浅成低温热液型矿床,而非斑岩型与浅成低温热液型之间的过渡。     

Geochronological framework and Pb, Sr isotope geochemistry of the Qingchengzi Pb–Zn–Ag–Au orefield, Northeastern China

The Qingchengzi orefield in northeastern China, is a concentration of several Pb–Zn, Ag, and Au ore deposits. A combination of geochronological and Pb, Sr isotopic investigations was conducted. Zircon SHRIMP U–Pb ages of 225.3 ± 1.8 Ma and 184.5 ± 1.6 Ma were obtained for the Xinling and Yaojiagou granites, respectively. By step-dissolution Rb–Sr dating, ages of 221 ± 12 Ma and 138.7 ± 4.1 Ma were obtained for the sphalerite of the Zhenzigou Zn–Pb deposit and pyrargyrite of the Ag ore in the Gaojiabaozi Ag deposit, respectively. Pb isotopic ratios of the Ag ore at Gaojiabaozi (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.38 to 18.53) are higher than those of the Pb–Zn ores (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 17.66 to 17.96; Chen et al. [Chen, J.F., Yu, G., Xue, C.J., Qian, H., He, J.F., Xing, Z., Zhang, X., 2005. Pb isotope geochemistry of lead, zinc, gold and silver deposit clustered region, Liaodong rift zone, northeastern China. Science in China Series D 48, 467–476.]). Triassic granites show low Pb isotopic ratios (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 17.12 to 17.41, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.47 to 15.54, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 37.51 to 37.89) and metamorphic rocks of the Liaohe Group have high ratios (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.20 to 24.28 and 18.32 to 20.06, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.69 to 16.44 and 15.66 to 15.98, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 37.29 to 38.61 and 38.69 to 40.00 for the marble of the Dashiqiao Formation and schist of the Gaixian Formation, respectively).Magmatic activities at Qingchengzi and in adjacent regions took place in three stages, and each contained several magmatic pulses: ca. 220 to 225 Ma and 211 to 216 Ma in the Triassic; 179 to 185 Ma, 163 to 168 Ma, 155 Ma and 149 Ma in the Jurassic, as well as ca. 140 to 130 Ma in the Early Cretaceous. The Triassic magmatism was part of the Triassic magmatic belt along the northern margin of the North China Craton produced in a post-collisional extensional setting, and granites in it formed by crustal melting induced by mantle magma. The Jurassic and Early Cretaceous magmatism was related to the lithospheric delamination in eastern China. The Triassic is the most important metallogenic stage at Qingchengzi. The Pb–Zn deposits, the Pb–Zn–Ag ore at Gaojiabaozi, and the gold deposits were all formed in this stage. They are temporally and spatially associated with the Triassic magmatic activity. Mineralization is very weak in the Jurassic. Ag ore at Gaojiabaozi was formed in the Early Cretaceous, which is suggested by the young Rb–Sr isochron age, field relations, and significantly different Pb isotopic ratios between the Pb–Zn–Ag and Ag ores. Pb isotopic compositions of the Pb–Zn ores suggest binary mixing for the source of the deposits. The magmatic end-member is the Triassic granites and the other metamorphic rocks of the Liaohe Group. Slightly different proportions of the two end-members, or an involvement of materials from hidden Cretaceous granites with slightly different Pb isotopic ratios, is postulated to interpret the difference of Pb isotopic compositions between the Pb–Zn–(Ag) and Ag ores. Sr isotopic ratios support this conclusion. At the western part of the Qingchengzi orefield, hydrothermal fluid driven by the heat provided by the now exposed Triassic granites deposited ore-forming materials in the low and middle horizons of the marbles of the Dashiqiao Formation near the intrusions to form mesothermal Zn–Pb deposits. In the eastern part, hydrothermal fluids associated with deep, hidden Triassic intrusions moved upward along a regional fault over a long distance and then deposited the ore-forming materials to form epithermal Au and Pb–Zn–Ag ores. Young magmatic activities are all represented by dykes across the entire orefield, suggesting that the corresponding main intrusion bodies are situated in the deep part of the crust. Among these, only intrusions with age of ca. 140 Ma might have released sufficient amounts of fluid to be responsible for the formation of the Ag ore at Gaojiabaozi.Our age results support previous conclusions that sphalerite can provide a reliable Rb–Sr age as long as the fluid inclusion phase is effectively separated from the “sulfide” phase. Our work suggests that the separation can be achieved by a step-resolution technique. Moreover, we suggest that pyrargyrite is a promising mineral for Rb–Sr isochron dating.     

鄂东丰山矿田卡林型金矿地质地球化学特征

鄂东丰山矿田主要由丰山 (封山洞 )铜矿床、鸡笼山金铜矿床和李家湾铜矿床组成。经野外调查和室内研究 ,确认矿田内存在卡林型金矿 ,金平均品位约 5× 1 0 -6,远景储量在大型以上。该卡林型金矿的主要特征是 :(1 )分布于丰山斑岩体周围的中酸性岩脉发育区 ;(2 )容矿岩石为下三叠统大冶组薄层状 -纹层状和角砾状碳酸盐岩 ;(3)矿体主要受高角度断层控制 ,通常产于岩脉的一侧或附近 ;(4 )矿石普遍具白色细网脉状方解石化和碳泥化 ,裂面上常见黑色碳质被膜 ;(5 )金主要为次显微金 ;(6 )成矿物质主要来自矿源层 ,部分来自岩浆 ,成矿热液水主要来自大气降水     

Genesis of the Xinqiao Gold-Sulfide Orefield, Anhui Province, China

The Xinqiao S-Fe-Cu-Au orefield is located in the Tongling ore cluster in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in East China. There have been many researches regarding the genesis of the Xinqiao orefield in recent years, showing that it belongs to various types, such as sedimentary-reformed type, stratabound-skarn type, sedimentary submarine rocks-hosted exhalative type. We propose that it was formed in two periods of mineralization base on systematic field observation and Pb and S isotopic analyses in nearly ten years. The first period was formed during a syngenetic sedimentary process, whereas the massive sulphide orebodies are mainly related to the Yanshanian granitic magmatism. Sulfide metallic mineral associations show zoning around a granite intrusion, i.e. magnetite and pyrite→pyrite, chalcopyrite and native gold→pyrite, sphalerite and galena. Gold orebodies occur outside the contact zone of the granite intrusion.     

钒矿带矿区地质灾害危险性评价——以陕西山阳-商南钒矿带中村镇钒矿开采区为例

在查明地质灾害孕灾背景、发育现状、矿区开采现状的基础上,基于定性结合定量的评价方法,开展了矿区地质灾害危险性评价.基于评价结果和野外调查情况,总结采矿活动对矿区主要地质灾害的影响.主要成果如下：1）总结了研究区地质灾害的发育及分布特征;2）综合分析矿区孕灾环境及地质灾害致灾因子,构建了研究区危险性评价指标体系,以ArcGIS为工作平台,以斜坡单元为最小评价单元,进行了由地质灾害易发性到地质灾害危险性的评价;3）针对评价结果,理论分析了采矿活动对滑坡、崩塌、泥石流及塌陷等灾害发生的影响方式.     

矿田构造研究方法的技术结构

笔者在多年从事矿田构造研究的基础上,对矿田构造学的工作方法进行结构分析,按主要属性分别归纳为观察与探测技术、测试与分析技术、模拟与实验技术、计算机信息处理技术。这个排列恰好与工作程序大体吻合,并对各类方法的技术项作了简要评述,论及应用的条件、学科交叉关系,以及研究的前沿与热点,并介绍了某些适用的新技术。      

关于提高铜陵地区地质找矿的几点认识

铜陵地区虽然矿产资源丰富,成矿条件良好,但目前找矿的难度越来越大。笔者认为,要提高铜陵地区地质找矿的效果,就要根据本区的成矿规律,开展综合地质找矿,要进一步研究各矿田（床）的地质特征,继续提高铜陵地区的地质研究程度,充分运用现代成矿学新理论指导找矿,并大胆的用探矿工程加以验证。