基于块体化程度确定裂隙岩体表征单元体

表征单元体（REV,或典型单元体）的存在是应用连续介质方法研究岩体问题的前提,因此,裂隙岩体表征单元体研究是岩体力学及岩体水力学中的一个基础问题,表征单元体的存在与否可以从不同物理参数的角度进行分析。从岩体块体化程度的角度对其存在性进行了较系统的分析,把岩体中由裂隙圈闭形成的孤立块体的总体积在岩体中所占体积百分比定义为裂隙岩体的块体化程度。介绍了GeneralBlock软件的基本分析过程,利用软件建立了三维裂隙岩体模型。根据国际岩石力学学会的裂隙分级,针对5个延展性级别、7个间距级别建立了35种岩体结构模型。利用GeneralBlock对这35种岩体进行了块体识别,分别讨论了这35种岩体结构的块体化程度随着模型范围变化的波动情况。由于所建立的岩体结构模型是随机的,对每种结构的每个研究范围进行了5次随机实现。结果表明,对所有的35种岩体,表征单元体的尺寸在4～8倍间距之间,不超过8倍间距。     

四川省九龙县娃娃沟泥石流运动特征与堵河成灾机制分析

2006年7月16日娃娃沟流域暴发的大规模泥石流,给下游3个电站造成巨大经济损失,是大渡河流域一次典型的灾害性泥石流。分析得出,娃娃沟泥石流重度高、搬运能力强,泥石流固体物质砂、石混杂,粗大砾石含量高;暴发频率低、规模大,流速及峰值流量分别高达10．78m／s及798．5m^3／s;在汇口处,泥石流堆积物堵塞河道是引起下游电站受灾的重要原因,高重度、粗颗粒、大流量的组合是此次泥石流堵江的重要原因。堵河判别计算结果显示在发生百年一遇泥石流时,该断面均有发生堵河的可能。娃娃沟泥石流表明：①在大渡河支流的泥石流沟周边的中小电站极有可能在泥石流暴发时受到破坏。因此,电站建设过程中应加强对周边泥石流沟的防灾减灾工作;②虽然娃娃沟流域植被良好,但仍然发生了大规模泥石流。表明植被不能完全避免泥石流的发生,对于此类泥石流沟不能疏忽大意。     

Geochemistry and Crustal Evolution of Volcano-sedimentary Successions and Orthogneisses in the São Gabriel Block, Southernmost Brazil — Relics of Neoproterozoic Magmatic Arcs

Precambrian metaplutonic rocks of the São Gabriel block in southernmost Brazil comprise juvenile Neoproterozoic calc-alkaline gneisses (Cambaí Complex). The connection with associated (ultra-)mafic metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks (Palma Group) is not well established. The whole complex was deformed during the Brasiliano orogenic cycle. Both metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks as well as metaplutonic rocks of the Cambaí Complex have been sampled for geochemical analyses in order to get constraints on the tectonic setting of these rocks and to establish a tectonic model for the São Gabriel block and its role during the assembly of West-Gondwana. The major element compositions of the igneous rocks (Palma Group and Cambaí Complex) indicate a subalkaline character; most orthogneisses have a calc-alkaline chemistry; many metavolcanic rocks of the Palma Group show signatures of low-K tholeiitic volcanic arc basalts. Trace element data, especially Ti, Zr, Y, Nb, of most igneous samples from both the lower Palma Group and the Cambaí Complex indicate origin at plate margins, i.e., in a subduction zone environment. This is corroborated by relative enrichment in LREE, low contents of Nb and other high field strength elements and enrichment in LILE like Rb, Ba, and Th. The data indicate the possible existence of two suites, an oceanic island arc and a continental arc or active continental margin. However, some ultramafic samples of the lower Palma Group in the western São Gabriel block indicate the existence of another volcanic suite with intra-plate character which possibly represents relics of oceanic island basalts (OIB). Trace element data indicate contributions from andesitic to mixed felsic and basic arc sources for the metasedimentary rocks. The patterns of chondrite- and N-MORB-normalized spider diagrams resemble the patterns of the igneous rocks, i.e., LILE and LREE enrichment and HFS depletion. The geochemical signatures of most igneous and metasedimentary samples and their low (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_t ratios suggest only minor contribution of old continental crust.A geotectonic model for the São Gabriel block comprises east-ward subduction and following accretion of an intra-oceanic island arc to the eastern border of the Rio de la Plata Craton at ca. 880 Ma, and westward subduction beneath the newly formed active continental margin between ca. 750 and 700 Ma. The São Gabriel block represents relics of an early Brasiliano oceanic basin between the Rio de la Plata and Kalahari Cratons. This ocean to the east of the Rio de la Plata Craton might be traced to the north and could possibly be linked with Neoproterozoic juvenile oceanic crust in the western Brasília belt (Goiás magmatic arc).     

石材荒料开采初析

石材荒料开采初析石材矿山开采过程中遇到的首要问题就是确定最低开采率，即在地质、开采条件具备的前题下，确定采石无亏损，达到石材荒料的最高产出利用率。因此，它与一般利用工业指标去评价矿床、计算矿山的服务年限是有些不同的，这方面当然计算方法不当是主要原因。...     

一种天绘一号卫星影像精确定位方法

针对如何最大程度地减小天绘一号卫星RPC模型系统误差,真实反映像方坐标与物方坐标关系的问题,该文介绍了天绘一号卫星的基本情况及相应的RPC参数模型,给出了求解RPC参数的基本方法和流程。结合天绘一号卫星采用等效框幅式光束法平差进行无控定位的特点,利用平差后计算得到的加密点坐标,提出了一种基于像点仿射变换的RPC模型区域网平差方法,并进行了RPC参数修正。经天绘一号卫星精度检测实验表明,修正后的RPC参数能有效地弥补系统性误差,具有更高的定位精度。     

内蒙古白云鄂博南东黑脑包腮林忽洞群下部发现地震滑塌岩块

笔者等在内蒙古白云鄂博铁铌稀土矿床东南约25km处的达尔罕茂明安联合旗黑脑包腮林忽洞群下部发现一个厚30余米、呈北西向延伸的滑塌岩块。滑塌岩块的岩性主要为薄层黄灰色微晶灰岩与青灰色泥质微晶灰岩互层，单层厚多为1～2cm。风化面上可见青灰色泥质灰岩层抗风化能力较强，呈突出状。青灰色薄层泥灰岩在宏观上即见大量层间破碎，几乎层层都被小的同生断裂错开，有的薄层被分割成叠瓦状的碎块，有的被邻层的泥质贯入而分割成一个个竹节状块体（即布丁构造）。同生小断裂和布丁构造为同沉积期的地震造成，因此，发育同沉积布丁构造的薄层微晶灰岩可以看作是典型的震积岩。整个岩块发生了强烈的褶皱变形，且变形强度自下而上逐渐变弱。岩层在下部强烈褶皱，向上规模和强度都逐渐变小，直到变为未变形的平直岩层，具有明显的不协调性。这种褶皱是岩块受地震影响而整体滑塌过程中的变形记录。震积岩和滑塌褶皱都揭示了盆地边界的拉张背景，同时指示盆地自南东向北西水体变深的地貌格局。这一发现表明，腮林忽洞群沉积的早期就已有地震事件发生，与已知的腮四组震积岩和腮五组微晶丘一起，表明腮林忽洞群沉积时期，本地先后至少有两个阶段处于不稳定的地震活跃阶段。腮林忽洞群可能相当于白云鄂博群的下部，后者中产著名的白云鄂博铁铌稀土矿床，成矿的同位素年龄值有2．1～0．4Ga多种不同的结果，但多位微体古生物学者均认为是震旦纪至奥陶纪，且在腮林忽洞群中还发现了三叶虫碎片，故作者等在本文取信腮林忽洞群为寒武纪～奥陶纪。在腮林忽洞群顶部产有厚近百米的微晶丘，与白云鄂博矿区的赋矿白云岩相当，可能均是热水沉积形成。所以，本文对于认识白云鄂博地区腮林忽洞群沉积时（寒武纪-奥陶纪？）的大地构造性质及白云鄂博矿床的成因具有重要意义。     

朝鲜~19亿年侵入岩的岩石类型与构造背景初探

朝鲜半岛北部广泛发育~19亿年侵入岩,这些岩浆岩可以分为三个系列,分别为似斑状花岗岩系列(多为I型,以妙香山岩体为代表,年龄1900~1840Ma)、S型花岗岩系列(以嘉山岩体为代表,本文获得1862±5Ma锆石U-Pb年龄)和正长岩系列(以龙浦岩体为代表,本文获得1857±2Ma锆石U-Pb年龄)。似斑状花岗岩系列(I型花岗岩)大致对应朝鲜地质学家定义的Myohyangsan(妙香山)杂岩,以发育钾长石巨斑为特征,与麻粒岩相变质的火山岩-沉积岩系关系密切;S型花岗岩系列大致对应Ryonhwasan(莲花山)杂岩,以发育石榴石和堇青石等矿物为特征,与麻粒岩相变质的副变质岩共生:这说明前者可能与变质火山岩系相关,而后者可能和副变质岩相关。正长岩系列,朝鲜地质学家称为Sakju(朔州)杂岩,分布较为局限,仅见于朔州以及博川-定州之间,也见于邻区辽东,多为岩株。这三个系列岩浆岩稍早或者同期于角闪岩相-麻粒岩相变质(本文获得甑山"群"变质锆石U-Pb年龄1844±2Ma)。邻区辽东-吉南及胶东地区也发育这三个系列岩浆岩,但这两个地区~21亿年岩浆作用更为广泛。朝鲜半岛南部发育大量同期岩浆岩,但岩石类型以似斑状花岗岩为主,并发育紫苏花岗岩和斜长岩。我们推测,朝鲜半岛南北两侧基底属性存在差异,可能对应不同的古陆(华北与华南古陆)。综合分析表明,朝鲜~19亿年前广泛发育I型和S型花岗岩,并有幔源岩浆作用,同时发育正长岩类,并且这些岩浆活动与区域高级变质作用时代接近。考虑到本区存在太古宙基底,我们推测本区在古元古代可能处于类似现今活动大陆边缘弧背景。     

2014年2月12日于田7.3级大震对青藏东北缘地震活动的影响分析

First of all,using the GPS velocity field from campaign GPS measurements implemented by CMONC( C hina Crustal Movement Observation) a nd TEONC( C hina Tectonic Environment Observation Networks) u p to 2013, w e analyzed the background of regional crustal horizontal movement and deformation before the M S7. 3 Yutian,Xinjiang earthquake on February 12,2014. Then,by comparing this to the vertical movement from leveling measurements,we studied the crustal movement deformation and the state of strain accumulation on the northeastern edge of Qinghai-Tibetan block.Finally,we investigated the possible effects on the earthquake activity of the northeastern edge of Tibet from the M S7. 3 Yutian earthquake. The result indicates that,the M S7. 3Yutian earthquake occurred against the background of strong tectonic movement and intensive intracontinental crustal differential movement on the edges of tectonic blocks in western China,and also that it happened in the period of the strong tectonic stress field in Qinghai-Tibetan block and its edges. The sinistral strike-slip and stress transfer of the Yutian M S7. 3 earthquake may accelerate the rupture of fault segments with high strain accumulation at the northeastern edge of Qinghai-Tibetan block( especially in Qilian Mountain fault zone,and border area of Gansu,Qinghai and Sichuan provinces on the south of western Qinling).     

Recent crustal horizontal movement in the Chinese mainland

IntroductionSupportedbytheNationaIClimbingProject"RecentCrustalMovementandGeodynamicResearch",acrustalmovementmonitoringnetworkdistributedinChinesemainlandhasbeenmeasuredfortWotimesinl994andl996.Thenetconsistsof22stationsthatarelocatedonsev-eralmajortectonicblocksinChinesemainland.ExceptNanchongstationwhichwasdestroyedatsometimebetWeenl994and1996andre-settledinl996,alltheother2lstationswereoccupiedfortwotimes.BasedontheresuItSobtainedfromcarefulpre-processingofGPSobservations,therecent…     

川滇地块的震源力学机制、运动速率和活动方式

用 4 4 2次中强地震的震源机制解分析了川滇次级地块应力场的优势方向。使用 771次 3级左右地震的滑动角λ参数统计确定震源断层的错动方式 ,并用中强地震P波初动解的N轴仰角的统计分布结果得到的震源断层错动或滑动型式去佐证。拟合中强地震的矩张量速率式 ,计算了川滇次级地块各地震构造区的年均滑动速率 ,并进行比较。根据 1980— 2 0 0 1年川青地块、雅江地块和滇中地块边界断裂带跨断层短水准、短基线定期复测结果 ,分析了水平和垂向年均形变速率。川滇地块间的运动是不均匀的。川青地块的运动方向为SEE。雅江地块压应力场优势方向为SSE ,相对川青地块的运动速率更大。滇中地块承袭雅江地块的运动方向 ,略偏东。密支那滇西地块压应力场有 2组优势方向 ,存在向NE方向的推挤和SSE方向的逃逸 ,活动速率大