层序地层学在东海陆架盆地的应用现状

本文从研究方法的角度,总结了近年来对东海陆架盆地层序地层研究的部分成果。(1)确定和完善了瓯江凹陷和西湖凹陷的层序格架。(2)分析了这两个凹陷中主要油气目的层段的体系域发育情况,即在瓯江凹陷中分析了盆地发育初期(T_6~0～T_5~0)两个层序的体系域发育情况,以及T_5~0～T_3~0中海相层序的体系域发育情况;在西湖凹陷中分析了海陆过渡相层序(T_3~1～T_3~0)和陆相层序(T_3~0～T_2~1)的体系域发育情况。(3)总结了体系域与油气之间存在的关系;指出了非构造圈闭可能存在的位置,为进一步的油勘探提供依据。     

Modelling offshore sand wave evolution

We present a two-dimensional vertical (2DV) flow and morphological numerical model describing the behaviour of offshore sand waves. The model contains the 2DV shallow water equations, with a free water surface and a general bed load formula. The water movement is coupled to the sediment transport equation by a seabed evolution equation. Using this model, we investigate the evolution of sand waves in a marine environment. As a result, we find sand wave saturation for heights of 10–30% of the average water depth on a timescale of decades. The stabilization mechanism, causing sand waves to saturate, is found to be based on the balance between the shear stress at the seabed and the principle that sediment is transported more easily downhill than uphill. The migration rate of the sand waves decreases slightly during their evolution. For a unidirectional steady flow the sand waves become asymmetrical in the horizontal direction and for a unidirectional block current asymmetrical in the vertical. A sensitivity analysis showed the slope effect of the sediment transport plays an important role herein. Furthermore, the magnitude of the resistance at the seabed and the eddy viscosity influence both the timescale and height of sand waves. The order of magnitudes found of the time and spatial scales coincide with observations made in the southern bight of the North Sea, Japan and Spain.     

Influence of the turbulence closure scheme on the finite-element simulation of the upwelling in the wake of a shallow-water island

A three-dimensional finite-element model is used to investigate the tidal flow around Rattray Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Field measurements and visual observations show both stable eddies developing at rising and falling tide in the wake of the island. The water turbidity suggests intense upwelling able to carry bed sediments upwards. Based on previous numerical studies, it remains unclear at this point whether the most intense upwelling occurs near the centre of the eddies or off the island's tips, closer to the island. All these studies resorted to a very simple turbulence closure, with a zero-equation model whereby the coefficient of vertical viscosity is computed via an algebraic expression. In this work, we aim at studying the influence of the turbulence closure on model results, with emphasis on the prediction of vertical motions. The Mellor and Yamada level 2.5 closure scheme is used and an increase in the intensity of vertical transport is observed. This increase is partly explained by the fact that the Mellor and Yamada model takes into account the hysteresis effect in the time variation of turbulence variables. The influence of the advection of turbulence variables is estimated to be negligible. By a better representation of transient coastal phenomena, the Mellor and Yamada level 2.5 turbulence closure improves the model to a significant degree.     

Hydrodynamics in the Gulf of Aigues-Mortes,NW Mediterranean Sea: In situ and modelling data

The Gulf of Aigues-Mortes (NW Mediterranean Sea) is a midshelf zone whose scale is an intermediate between the nearshore scale (0–10 m depth) and the coastal scale (including the whole continental shelf). Its hydrodynamics is investigated for the first time. ADCP, CTD and thermosalinograph data were collected during three short cruises (HYGAM; March 6–7, 20–21, April 5–6, 2005). They were scheduled approximately every 15 days to sample the gulf circulation under different weather conditions. Moreover, the cruise data were used to validate the Symphonie model, a 3D primitive equations circulation model. The circulation features displayed by in situ data were well reproduced by Symphonie. A downscaling modelling approach was implemented, the largest scale being obtained by the replay of the MFSTEP regional model of the North-Western Mediterranean Sea.     

黑潮与毗邻陆架海域的碳交换

作为沟通陆架边缘海与开放大洋的北太平洋西边界流,黑潮对毗邻中国陆架海域碳循环有着不可忽视的影响。分析总结了黑潮与毗邻陆架海域海水中溶解有机碳(DOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、溶解无机碳(DIC)和颗粒无机碳(PIC)分布与交换的现有研究成果。分析表明,黑潮通过表层水涡旋、入侵以及次表层以下水体上涌等形式携碳进入毗邻陆架海域。在黑潮与毗邻陆架海域,DOC和POC的分布受生物活动、水团混合以及沉积物—水界面相互作用的共同影响,表层与陆架水中含量较高,DIC受海水碳酸盐体系平衡影响,表层含量低于底层,在陆架海域与上升流区有高值,PIC含量较低。在台湾东北海域,DOC,POC和DIC由东海陆架海域向黑潮有净输出,输出量分别为2 431×109,1 051×109和21 733×109mol C/a,PIC通过陆架源悬浮颗粒物向黑潮主流输送,通量为1 852×109mol C/a。DOC,POC和PIC由南海经吕宋海峡向黑潮有净输出,输出量分别为2 652×109,1 009×109和230×109mol C/a,但DIC由黑潮向南海有净输出,通量为13 005×109mol C/a。台湾海峡碳循环受黑潮输运的影响,但影响机制及过程至今并不清楚。因此,黑潮与毗邻陆架海域的碳交换过程研究还有若干重大科学问题亟待解决,尚需深入系统的研究。     

南海西南部巽他陆架底层冷水及其季节变化分析

本文利用历史水文观测数据研究了南海西南部巽他陆架水团特征,结果表明:(1)巽他陆架纳土纳群岛周围底层存在着低温高盐的冷水,该冷水沿地形爬升分为两支,一支可延伸至泰国湾,另一支伸向卡里马塔海峡;(2)巽他陆架底层冷水有明显的季节变化,该底层冷水在春季开始形成,夏季达到最强,秋季开始衰退,最后在冬季完全消失;(3)巽他陆架底层冷水来源于南海次表层水的涌升。夏季西南季风使陆架表层水向南海流动,有利于南海次表层低温高盐水沿地形向陆架爬升,此时底层冷水与表层水温差超过8°C。冬季东北季风,使南海表层水向陆架流动,海水在陆架堆积,从而阻止了南海次表层低温高盐水的爬升。     

基于特征跟踪方法的Amery冰架上游流速估算

冰川流速分析对于研究南极冰盖物质平衡、海平面上升和全球气候变化具有重要意义。以ALOS/PALSAR影像为数据源,采用SAR特征跟踪方法,结合DEM数据估算Amery冰架上游冰川流速。结果表明,Amery冰架上游主流线流速为540—720 m·a-1,冰川流速随海拔的降低逐渐减小。受基岩和两侧山体的影响,主流线流速大,越靠近两侧山体流速越小。这个结果与NASA 2000年利用SAR重复轨道干涉测量方法测定的流速接近。基于裸露岩石作为特征点的分析表明,该方法误差较小,获取的冰川流速比较可靠。     

Process-oriented modeling studies of the 5500-km-long boundary flow off western and southern Australia

While the unique character of the coastal current system off the western and southern coasts of Australia has been recognized, this vast 5500-km-long boundary flow has been studied far less than other current systems of the world. Recent observational studies from satellite altimetry and climatology are consistent with a continuous current extending from its origin at the North West Cape to the southern tip of Tasmania. To date, coastal modeling studies have focused on either the western Australian coast to Esperance or on southern Australia. There has been no process-oriented modeling study of the entire region that would allow the systematic exploration of the two independent forcing mechanisms (i.e., wind-forcing and thermohaline gradients) and their interactions that have been noted to act in a synergistic manner to maintain the longest continuous coastal current system in the world.     

Amery冰架DEM及其海洋冰分布研究

Amery冰架是东南极最大的冰架。利用克里格插值法对Amery冰架地区的ICESat激光高度计数据进行空间插值,建立该地区的DEM。依据流体静力学平衡原理构建Amery冰架的冰厚度图,结合冰雷达测厚数据,获得了海洋冰的空间分布。结果显示Amery冰架下的海洋冰主要位于西北部,体积为2.38×1012m3,约占冰架总体积的5.6%,冰架最大厚度为230 m。     

A note on a mineralogical analysis of the sediments associated with the Plata River and Patos Lagoon outflows

Riverine waters bring to seas a variety of suspended materials, which are ultimately deposited on the shelf or exported to the deep ocean. Investigation of the mineralogical contents of these continental-borne constituents on seafloors may reveal valuable information about the environmental conditions in the drainage basin. In this note we report results of X-ray diffraction and other analysis of sediments in bottom samples collected on the continental shelf under influence of the Plata River and the Patos Lagoon, in South America. The analysis reveals that non-clay materials are mostly concentrated south of 33°S, while clay sediments are relatively more abundant further north. We propose that such distributions are controlled by the circulation pattern and water mass distribution of the lower and upper layers, respectively.