污染企业/产业转移的特征、模式与动力机制

污染企业/产业的转移不仅重塑了区域发展格局,也改变了环境污染的分布,对区域可持续发展产生了显著影响。探讨污染企业/产业转移对于污染治理和区域协调发展具有重要意义。基于对相关文献的梳理,系统归纳了污染企业/产业的概念和类别,总结了污染企业/产业的转移特征、模式和动力机制。研究表明：① 官方文件、污染排放强度、污染排放规模是污染产业界定和分类的主要依据。② 污染企业/产业在不同的地理尺度上形成不同的转移模式：在城市内部形成分散式外围区转移、集中式功能区转移、远离敏感区转移三种模式;在省内城市间呈现出由发达城市向欠发达城市、由环境规制强的核心区向环境规制弱的边缘区的转移特征。邻省转移模式以经济较发达和环境规制较强的省份为中心,向邻近省份扩散,并形成向多省交界处、由河流上游省份向下游省份、沿交通线向次级城市的三种转移路径。跨省转移形成成本导向型、市场扩张型和政策推动型三种模式。③ 污染企业/产业的转移方向呈现出一定的特征和模式,包括区域、地理、经济、功能区、政策5种研究视角和15种转移方向。④ 污染企业的迁移方式包括整体迁移和部分迁移两种模式,后者包括迁移生产基地、工序外包、绿色并购与对外收购、建立子公司或分厂等。⑤ 影响污染企业/产业转移的因素既包括经济、社会、地理、政策等单因素,也包括多种因素的交互作用。在多维的复杂影响机制中,政府扮演了重要角色,企业的异质性、空间集聚效应、制度等都产生了重要的影响。最后讨论了国内相关研究的不足,并在此基础上提出一些思考和建议。     

The characteristics of shear wave splitting in the source region of the April 20, 2013 Lushan earthquake

Using seismic data of the aftershocks sequence of the April 20, 2013 Lushan earthquake recorded by seismic temporary and permanent stations in the source region, with the visual inspection of particle motion diagrams, this paper preliminarily contains the polarization directions of fast shear wave and the time-delays of split shear waves at every station, and analyzes the crustal anisotropic characteristics in the source region. In the study area, the polarization direc- tions at stations BAX, TQU, L 132, L 133, L 134, and L 135 are northeast, which is consistent with the strike of Dachuan- Shuangshi fault. There are two polarization directions at MDS and L131, which are northeast and southeast. The scatter of polarization directions suggests the complex stress field around these two stations where two faults intersect. For the normalized time-delays at every station, the range is 1.02-8.64 ms/km. The largest time-delay is from L134 which is closest to the mainshock, and the smallest one is from L133. The variations in time-delays show the decreasing at stations BAX, L134, and L135 because of the stress-relaxation after earthquake.     

Metamorphic veining and mass transfer in a chemically closed system: a case study in Alpine metabauxites (western Vanoise)

In western Vanoise (French Alps), karstic pockets of Triassic‐to‐Jurassic metabauxites embedded in carbonate rocks and containing several generations of metamorphic veins were studied. During blueschist facies metamorphism, a cumulative amount of ～13 vol% of water is inferred to have been produced locally by successive dehydration reactions, and part of this fluid remained in the bauxitic lenses during most of the metamorphic cycle. Field and geochemical evidence show that these rocks have been isolated from large‐scale fluid flow (closed‐system behaviour). It is proposed that the internally derived fluid has promoted the opening of fluid‐filled open spaces (as attested by the euhedral habits of vein minerals) and served as medium for mass transfer from rock to vein. Indeed, the vein infill is obviously the result of chemical interactions, at the millimetre‐to‐centimetre scale, between the rock minerals and the locally produced aqueous fluid. Two vein types can be distinguished based on mineralogical and textural features: (i) some veins are filled with newly formed products of either prograde (chloritoid) or retrograde (chlorite) metamorphic reactions; in this case, fluid‐filled open spaces seem to offer energetically favourable nucleation/growth sites; (ii) the second vein type is infilled with cookeite or pyrophyllite, that were present in the host rock prior to the vein formation. In this closed chemical system, the components for the vein infill minerals have been transferred from rock to vein through the fluid, in a dissolution–transport–precipitation process, possibly stress‐assisted. These different vein generations all contain Al‐rich mineral infills, suggesting that Al was a mobile element (cm scale) during metamorphism. In these HP rocks, fluid flow may have been restricted, and if so mass transfer occurred by diffusion in an almost stagnant fluid. Metamorphic veins can be seen as witnesses of fluid and mass redistribution that partly accommodate the rock deformation (lateral segregation).     

多维度视角下新疆农村经济可持续发展

科技进步与水土资源是促进经济可持续发展的有力杠杆及资源保证,劳动力是农村经济发展的重要主体。运用生态足迹理论计算了1990-2015年的新疆农村生态人口承载力,该指标代表了农村经济可持续发展水平,并建立与农业全要素生产率、科技投入占总投入比率、水资源灌溉利用率、耕地复耕指数、新疆劳动力转移、劳动力转移性收入的VAR模型。研究结果表明：新疆农村人均资源占有量不断地增大,可承载生态人口数量逐年下降;科技投入目前对于新疆农村经济可持续发展的影响并不明显,短期看来,农业全要素生产率对于其发展有抑制作用,但长期看来有巨大的促进作用;在短期,水资源灌溉利用率有抑制作用,但在长期,有拉动作用;耕地复耕指数长期有抑制作用;短期来说,劳动力转移和劳动力转移性收入对于其发展有促进作用,长期有抑制作用。     

鄂尔多斯块体及其周缘上地幔各向异性分析研究

对布设在鄂尔多斯块体及其周缘的固定宽频带地震台网90个台站记录作远震SKS波形资料偏振分析,采用最小切向能量法求得每个台站的SKS快波偏振方向和快慢波时差,获得块体及其周缘上地幔各向异性图像,并结合1999~2007年相对鄂尔多斯块体的GPS水平地壳运动速度场,分析块体及其周缘的各向异性特征和壳幔耦合特征并重新认识块体的运动及周缘断陷带的动力学成因.分析结果认为,块体内部以零分裂为主,表现为各向同性特征;块体周缘台站延迟时间则明显大于块体中部,表现出明显的各向异性特征;快波偏振方向与地质构造走向、水平速度场方向基本一致,表明壳幔之间存在耦合,而个别台站在方向上与周围台站存在差异,可能与早期的块体活动有关.SKS横波分裂结果和现今GPS地壳水平运动场解释了鄂尔多斯块体没有旋转运动,在西南缘六盘山一带存在分叉绕流运动,汾渭断陷带的形成和发展是由于上地幔塑性物质沿挤出方向水平运动和沿裂隙向上入侵、横向扩张的综合演化结果.     

Atmospheric radiative transfer simulation for atmospheric correction of remote sensing data

The radiance leaving the earth-atmosphere system which can be sensed by a satellite borne radiometer is the sum of radiation emission from the earth surface and each atmospheric level that are transmitted to the top of the atmosphere. The radiation emission from the earth surface and the radiance of each atmospheric level can be separated from the radiance at the top the atmospheric level measured by a satellite borne radiometer. However, it is very difficult to measure the atmospheric radiance, especially the synchronous measurement with the satellite. Thus some atmospheric radiative transfer models have been developed to provide many options for modeling atmospheric radiation transport, such as LOWTRAN, MODTRAN, 6S, FASCODE, LBLRTM, SHARC, and SAMM. Meanwhile, these models can support the detailed detector system design, the optimization and evaluation of satellite mission parameters, and the data processing procedures. As an example, the newly atmospheric radiative transfer models, MODTRAN will be compared with other models after the atmospheric radiative transfer is described. And the atmospheric radiative transfer simulation procedures and their applications to atmospheric transmittance, retrieval of atmospheric elements, and surface parameters, will also be presented.     

胶州湾水体重金属Hg的质量浓度和分布

根据1982-04、06、07和10月胶州湾水域调查资料,探讨和研究胶州湾重金属Hg的水质、平面分布、垂直分布、季节变化以及来源.结果表明：Hg在胶州湾水体中的质量浓度范围为：0.006～0.049 μg/L,在胶州湾整个水域,没有受到Hg的污染.在胶州湾西南沿岸水域,地表径流直接输送Hg入海,其质量浓度都非常低;在胶州湾东部沿岸水域,河流输送Hg入海,其质量浓度相对较高.Hg的表、底层水平分布证实了Hg的水域迁移过程和水域迁移机制.Hg质量浓度的垂直分布展示了胶州湾表层水质受到陆地地表径流输送Hg的影响,而胶州湾底层水质受到累计沉降的效应.通过胶州湾Hg的时空分布,发现控制Hg的排放得到实施,输入胶州湾水域的Hg大为减少.     

2009年7月17日唐山地区强降水成因分析

利用常规天气资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对2009年7月17日唐山地区暴雨天气过程进行分析。结果表明：强降水是暖湿空气向北输送与低层冷空气交汇引起的。降水前期,唐山地区中低层水汽强辐合为强降水准备了条件。冷空气从底层侵入,抬升暖湿气流,低层暖锋锋生使对流不稳定性增大,上升运动加强,降水量增大。强降水区存在低层辐合、高层辐散和斜升运动机制。850hPa湿位涡正压项MPV1＞0区域能较好地反映出冷空气活动特征,强降水出现在MPV1零线附近偏冷空气一侧。