RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SEDIMENT SUSPENSIONS FROM ECKERNF(O)RDE AND KIELER F(O)RDE BAYS, WESTERN BALTIC SEA

Local areas of fine-grained organic-rich sediments in Eckernforde and Kieler Forde Bays may experience disturbances which cause fluidization of the substrate and create a dense suspension （fluid mud） which exists temporarily as a component of the benthic boundary layer before becoming incorporated into the permanent bottom. Laboratory studies indicate this material behaves rheologically as a non-Newtonian substance, and both shear thinning （pseudoplastic） and shear thickening （dilatant） flow behavior can occur （ofien within the same sample） under low to intermediate shear stresses （2 - 40 Pa） and shear rates （0.46 - 122.49 s^-1）. Detailed granulometric analyses （1/4 phi intervals） of the fraction 〈63 μm show differences in the silt/clay ratio （clay 〈2 μm） between the two environments. Little change in the silt/clay ratio is seen in the Kieler Forde sediments （from 0.74 to 0.95）; however, at Eckernforde, the ratio changed from 0.73 to 2.19. Fine silt particles are lacking or were removed from the 4 to 16 μm fraction of the Eckernforde but not from the Kieler Forde sediments. Both shear thickening and shear thinning flow was observed in the Eckernforde sediments. Shear thickening flow behavior was not observed in the Kieler Forde sediments. Samples of organic-rich （10 to 20%） interface sediments from both areas were analyzed rheologically prior to, and atier removal of organic matter by H2O2 treatment. Reduction in ‘apparent＇ viscosity occurred through the entire range of shear rates and stresses, shear thickening behavior was reduced or became nonexistent, and yield stress decreased significantly compared to the natural samples. The differences in yield stress and flow behavior of dense suspensions result primarily from differences in grain size distributions but the role of organic matter on those properties is very significant and adds to the effects of the grain size distribution of the sediment.     

邯郸与太原两地粉土动力特性的试验研究

对邯郸5个工程场区和太原1个工程场区的粉土进行了循环荷载幅值为不规则变化的动模量试验。试验研究发现,粉土的动模量衰减的比砂土慢;其动模量衰减到最大动模量的85%时,开始表现出塑性特征,因此,在动模量衰减到最大动模量的85%之前降低循环动荷载的幅值,动模量仍能大部分回到初始值。粘粒含量的变化使粘粒在粉土中表现出不同的作用,当粘粒含量小于10%时,动强度随粘粒含量的增加而降低;当粘粒含量大于10%后,动强度随粘粒含量的增加而增加。     

Miniature LVDT setup for local strain measurement on cement-treated clay specimens

ABSTRACT

Miniature submersible linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) is commonly used for small strain stiffness measurement. However, it has not been widely used on cement-treated clays. This paper proposes a method of installing and setting up submersible LVDT to minimize testing problems and errors for cement-treated clays. In soft clay testing, the LVDT mount can be anchored to the specimen by pressed-in anchor pins or rods. However, this cannot be done on cement-treated clay due to the latter’s hardness. Preliminary trials also indicate that direct attachment of the LVDT mounts to the membrane without anchor pins is not feasible owing to the tendency of the LVDT to tilt and detach from the specimen. The system adopted involves pre-casting holes for the insertion of anchor pins during placement of the admixture into the moulds. The diameter of the anchors pins was found to have significant effect on the results; smaller diameter pins give more consistent results with those of resonant column and bender element tests. This can be attributed to the effect of stress concentration around the anchor pins. The results showed that, used appropriately, submersible LVDTs can give small strain measurements which have a high degree of inner consistency with results from resonant column and bender element tests.     

地震作用下剪切型结构的可靠性分析

本文利用Ｍｏｎｔｅ－Ｃａｒｌｏ数字模拟原理，以同一集系的多条地震加速度时程为输入，利用作者提出的考虑结构低周疲劳特性，首超破坏与累积损伤破坏合一的地震破坏准则，通过时程反应分析，直接统计反应量的随机特征来寻求结构的抗震可靠度，避免了建立地面运动简化模型和求解强非线性随机振动问题带来的近似与误差，在可靠度分析中采用了一次二阶矩的验算点法，将结构抗震可靠性统一到可靠指标β上来分析，便于在工程中实际运用     

某核电厂岩体动静弹性模量的对比研究

以福清核电站二期详细勘察为依托,采用现场原位测试的方法获取岩体的动、静参数,研究其空间分布特征和相关性。结果表明,中等～微风化岩体的动态参数随深度变化具有一定的规律性,而静态参数随深度的变化规律性不强,但裂隙的发育程度对岩体动、静弹性模量均有明显的影响;在动、静弹性模量关系方面,回归分析结果表明,动、静弹性模量之间具有较好的相关性,动、静弹模的比值不随深度而变化,Ed/Es比值分布在0.9～2.19之间。系统地总结岩体动、静参数的分布规律和其相互关系,对岩土工程设计具有重要意义     

Seismic stability analysis of a layered rock slope

In general, the determination of the factor of safety and the location of the critical slip surface are two major challenges in seismic slope stability analysis. In this paper, a new approach for determining the factor of safety and the corresponding critical slip surface of a layered rock slope subjected to seismic excitations is presented, through a case study based on the combination of the shear strength reduction technique and distinct element method. According to this proposed method, the seismic factor of safety and the critical slip surface of the slope are estimated and compared with those obtained by the pseudo-static approach, combined with the limit equilibrium method. It is found that the factor of safety obtained from the proposed method is slightly greater than that computed by the pseudo-static analysis, with a difference of 4.2%, and that the critical slip surface obtained from the two methods is identical, which confirms the reasonability and feasibility of the proposed method.     

浮式钻井平台钻具卡点深度计算分析

自升式平台的转盘面相对井眼是固定不变的,而浮式平台受风浪潮涌等影响,相对井筒上下浮动,尤其是在钻具卡钻时超拉或钻具下压相当于平台载荷瞬间改变,平台会上下起伏,这样在超拉计算卡点时测量钻柱伸长量和实际卡点深度相差甚远。为了消除因平台上下浮动的影响,根据物理学原理详细阐述了浮式平台卡点深度超拉计算方法。此方法能较准确的计算出浮式平台卡钻时钻柱卡点,在计算卡点深度上有很好的借鉴意义。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地风沙土的力学性质

风沙土是形成于干旱、半干旱区的一种特殊性质的土,其力学性质不同于一般土体,结构松散性为其最主要的特点。通过对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地14个风沙土样进行压缩试验和抗剪试验,获得了风沙土的基本力学参数:风沙土压缩模量值在50.00~142.86MPa之间,是一种低压缩性土;风沙土的内摩擦角值在31°55'~36°19'之间,低于河流冲积砂的内摩擦角值;风沙土存在结构力,其力学效应相当于粘聚力,可以在剪切试验中测出,其值在0.6~9.3kPa之间。并分析了影响这些力学参数的主要因素。     

硬化地面与黄土高原水土流失

在界定硬化地面概念的基础上,进一步将硬化地面分为道路、城镇街区、农家场院三大类。并利用黄土高原400~600mm集流能力试验公式,对甘肃省陇东黄土高原沟壑区不同硬化地面的集流能力、侵蚀量进行分类实例分析研究,发现硬化地面集流能力远大于自然地面,因此城镇、道路、村庄附近的土壤侵蚀尤其严重。在黄土高原地区,不仅与之相关的沟壑的形成和发育,而且相关沟谷和河流的溯源侵蚀之力度大小也要受其影响。随着人口的增加,硬化地面面积越来越大,受其影响水土流失更加严重,这是历史时期黄土高原水土流失日益加剧的重要原因之一。今后黄土高原的水土保持工作,须将防治水土流失与解决水资源紧缺有机结合起来。其最佳解决途径,就是用硬化地面所集中的雨水,作为工农业生产和生活用水,以解决黄土高原水资源之不足。