Geochemistry of the Mian-Lue ophiolites in the Qinling Mountains, central China: Constraints on the evolution of the Qinling orogenic belt and collision of the North and South China Cratons

The Anzishan ophiolite, a typical ophiolitic block of early Carboniferous age in the Mian-Lue suture zone of the Qinling Mountains, central China, consists of amphibolites/metabasalts, gabbros and gabbroic cumulates. All of these rocks, as well as those in the Hunshuiguan-Zhuangke (HZ) block, have compositions similar to normal MORB and back-arc basin basalts (BABB) with high ε_Nd(t) values, indicating that they were derived from a depleted mantle source. The Mian-Lue suture zone also contains blocks of other lithologies, e.g., rift volcanic rocks in the Heigouxia block and arc volcanic rocks in the Sanchazi block. Although they are in fault contact with each other, the presence of these different blocks in the Mian-Lue suture zone may represent a complete Wilson cycle, from initial rifting to open ocean basin to final subduction and continent-continent collision, during the late Paleozoic-early Triassic. In this region, the North and South China Cratons were separated by Paleo-Tethys at least until the early Carboniferous, and final amalgamation of both cratons along the Qinling orogenic belt took place in the Triassic.     

塔里木及邻区晚古生代早期古气候与构造

影响塔里木及邻区晚古生代早期气候的地球内部因素为古昆仑和南天山两个古洋盆封闭及有关的两条缝合构造带演化，从而形成上述时空段内热带海洋气候、热（亚热）带季风气候、热带沙漠气候以及热带滨岸干湿气候区域的更替，古气候特征的判断主要依据古地磁数据、古生态气候学、沉积环境诸方面。     

北秦岭南缘弧前盆地沉积作用及盆地发展

秦岭被商丹缝合带分为北秦岭和南秦岭两个部分,在北秦岭南缘残留着与俯冲作用相关的岛弧火山岩以及弧前沉积体。对沿海丹带两个地区(黑河地区和黑山地区)弧前沉积体岩相组合和相序的研究显示,它们主要由深水浊积岩系。火山碎屑岩,扇三角洲沉积以及局限性台地碳酸盐岩和陆棚碎屑岩组成。总的沉积序列显示向上变浅趋势,但在弧前内侧边缘则表现为向上变深趋势。两个不同地区岩相和相序的差异明显受物源、海平面变化以及特别是构造作用的挫制。深水浊积岩系所反映的线状物源供给形式、扇三角洲体系的发育和其内部不同沉积段反复重叠的特征指示一种活动构造环境。弧前区构造发展一方面与其前部加积或下部垫底作用有关,另一方面则在很大程度上受由斜向俯冲而导致的伸展作用的影响。     

Tectonic evolution of the Intra-Pontide suture zone in the Armutlu Peninsula, NW Turkey

The Armutlu Peninsula and adjacent areas in NW Turkey play a critical role in tectonic reconstructions of the southern margin of Eurasia in NW Turkey. This region includes an inferred Intra-Pontide oceanic basin that rifted from Eurasia in Early Mesozoic time and closed by Late Cretaceous time. The Armutlu Peninsula is divisible into two metamorphic units. The first, the Armutlu Metamorphics, comprises a ?Precambrian high-grade metamorphic basement, unconformably overlain by a ?Palaeozoic low-grade, mixed siliciclastic/carbonate/volcanogenic succession, including bimodal volcanics of inferred extensional origin, with a possibly inherited subduction signature. The second unit, the low-grade znik Metamorphics, is interpreted as a Triassic rift infilled with terrigenous, calcareous and volcanogenic lithologies, including basalts of within-plate type. The Triassic rift was unconformably overlain by a subsiding Jurassic–Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) passive margin including siliciclastic/carbonate turbidites, radiolarian cherts and manganese deposits. The margin later collapsed to form a flexural foredeep associated with the emplacement of ophiolitic rocks in Turonian time. Geochemical evidence from meta-basalt blocks within ophiolite-derived melange suggests a supra-subduction zone origin for the ophiolite. The above major tectonic units of the Armutlu Peninsula were sealed by a Maastrichtian unconformity. Comparative evidence comes from the separate Almacık Flake further east.Considering alternatives, it is concluded that a Mesozoic Intra-Pontide oceanic basin separated Eurasia from a Sakarya microcontinent, with a wider Northern Neotethys to the south. Lateral displacement of exotic terranes along the south-Eurasian continental margin probably also played a role, e.g. during Late Cretaceous suturing, in addition to overthrusting.     

唐古拉山侏罗系盖覆区空喀拉-温泉-澜沧江结合带鉴别标志

结合带局部地段被与结合带演化密切伴生的各类盆地盖覆是各造山带中的一种普遍现象 ,因而初步将盖覆结合带的盆地划分为二类 :一是以边缘前陆盆地为代表的盖覆结合带而不破坏结合带的纵向盖覆性盆地 ;二是以横推断层盆地为代表的盖覆且破坏结合带的横向破坏性盆地。区内海相侏罗纪盆地实为与空喀拉温泉澜沧江结合带演化密切相关的盖覆结合带的陆内俯冲型边缘前陆盆地。深部地球物理探测资料证实了结合带在盖覆层之下仍存在 ,更说明结合带两侧板块构造建造对比明显有异 ,分属两类不同性质的大陆边缘 ,进而得出了结合带在研究区内潜伏于盖覆层之下的结论 ,从而建立了结合带存在的三方面的鉴别标志     

Eclogite and carpholite-bearing metasedimentary rocks in the North Qilian suture zone, NW China: implications for Early Palaeozoic cold oceanic subduction and water transport into mantle

Low‐temperature eclogite and eclogite facies metapelite together with serpentinite and marble occur as blocks within foliated blueschist that was originated from greywacke matrix; they formed a high‐pressure low‐temperature (HPLT) subduction complex (mélange) in the North Qilian oceanic‐type suture zone, NW China. Phengite–eclogite (type I) and epidote–eclogite (type II) were recognized on the basis of mineral assemblage. Relic lawsonite and lawsonite pseudomorphs occur as inclusions in garnet from both types of eclogite. Garnet–omphacite–phengite geothermobarometry yields metamorphic conditions of 460–510 °C and 2.20–2.60 GPa for weakly deformed eclogite, and 475–500 °C and 1.75–1.95 GPa for strongly foliated eclogite. Eclogite facies metasediments include garnet–omphacite–phengite–glaucophane schist and various chloritoid‐bearing schists. Mg‐carpholite was identified in some high‐Mg chloritoid schists. P–T estimates yield 2.60–2.15 GPa and 495–540 °C for Grt–Omp–Phn–Gln schist, and 2.45–2.50 GPa and 525–530 °C for the Mg‐carpholite schist. Mineral assemblages and P–T estimates, together with isotopic ages, suggest that the oceanic lithosphere as well as pelagic to semi‐pelagic sediments have been subducted to the mantle depths (≥75 km) before 460 Ma. Blueschist facies retrogression occurred at c. 454–446 Ma and led to eclogite deformation and dehydration of lawsonite during exhumation. The peak P–Tconditions for eclogite and metapelite in the North Qilian suture zone demonstrate the existence of cold subduction‐zone gradients (6–7 °C km^?1), and this cold subduction brought a large amount of H₂O to the deep mantle in the Early Palaeozoic times.     

藏北双湖山字形山玄武岩锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义

次对藏北双湖山字形山玄武岩进行了同位素年代学和岩石地球化学研究。锆石LA ICP MS U Pb测年结果表明,玄武岩形成时代为中三叠世Ladinian期((2358±27) Ma)。主量元素SiO2质量分数为4284%~5222%,TiO2为161%~269%,FeOT/MgO为152~194,属亚碱性系列拉斑玄武岩。稀土元素∑REE含量为11409×10-6~20847×10-6,(La/Yb)N为490~650,相对富集LREE。微量元素配分模式曲线与OIB型玄武岩相似。岩石成因研究表明岩浆在演化过程中主要受分离结晶作用控制,La/Nb、La/Ta、Zr/Ba等不相容元素比值与Ti含量表明,山字形山玄武岩可能是软流圈地幔与岩石圈地幔相互作用的产物。玄武岩较高的Zr含量与Zr/Y比值显示其处于板内伸展构造背景。结合区域地质资料推测,中三叠世玄武质岩浆是南、北羌塘地块碰撞造山过程中板片断离、软流圈物质上涌熔融的产物,而晚三叠世偏铝质-过铝质岩浆岩及高压变质岩折返剥露为造山带垮塌引起的伸展作用的结果。     

中生代羌塘前陆盆地充填序列及演化过程

中生代羌塘前陆盆地位于青藏高原巨型造山带内 ,夹于金沙江缝合带与班公湖—怒江缝合带之间 ,是一个与两侧缝合带逆冲作用相关的沉积盆地 ,由羌北盆地 (对应于金沙江缝合带 )、羌南盆地 (对应于班公湖—怒江缝合带 )和中央隆起带构成 ,其中中央隆起是北部前陆盆地和南部前陆盆地共有的前陆隆起 ,显示为对称型复合前陆盆地 ;该盆地形成于晚三叠世 ,并持续发育至早白垩世 ,盆地中充填了巨厚的同构造期的复理石和磨拉石 ,具有总体向上变粗变浅的充填序列 ,以不整合面可将其划分为 5个由顶底不整合面限制的构造层序 ,其中晚三叠世诺利期构造层序对应于金沙江缝合带主碰撞期 ,晚三叠世瑞替期构造层序对应于金沙江缝合带碰撞闭合后冲断抬升 ,早侏罗世构造层序对应于班公湖—怒江缝合带初始逆冲推覆 ,中侏罗世—早白垩世构造层序对应于班公湖—怒江缝合带主碰撞期 ,中白垩世构造层序为班公湖—怒江缝合带碰撞闭合后冲断抬升与金沙江缝合带冲断抬升的产物 ,为中生代羌塘盆地关闭后的磨拉石建造     

西藏雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段发现高铬型和高铝型豆荚状铬铁矿体

豆英状铬铁矿按其矿物化学组分分为高铝型(Cr#值为20～ 60)和高铬型(Cr#值为60～80)两类(Thayer,1970),在全球已报道的豆英状铬铁矿中普遍为在一岩体内只存一种类型的矿体,而在同一岩体内发现两种类型的铬铁矿体较少见.位于雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段普兰岩体中首次发现同时存在高铬型和高铝型铬铁矿,岩体由地幔橄榄岩、辉长辉绿岩、火山岩等组成.地幔橄榄岩主要为方辉橄榄岩、纯橄岩和少量二辉橄榄岩.在方辉橄榄岩中发现7处透镜状的铬铁矿矿体露头,矿石类型主要有致密块状、稠密浸染状和稀疏浸染状等.矿体长2～6m,厚0.5～2m,矿体的最大延伸方向为北西-南东向,与岩体的展布方向一致,矿石的Cr#=52～88,高铬型铬铁矿包括Cr-2～5矿体,Cr#值为63～89,高铝型铬铁矿有Cr-1和Cr-6矿体,Cr#=52 ～55.矿石中脉石矿物主要为橄榄石、角闪石、蛇纹石等.普兰地幔橄榄岩的矿物结构显示,岩体经历了强烈的部分熔融以及塑性变形作用,地幔橄榄岩的地球化学特征显示岩体形成于MOR,后受到SSZ环境的改造.并且依据铬尖晶石-橄榄石/单斜辉石的矿物化学成分,识别出普兰地幔橄榄岩至少经历了3次不同的部分熔融,包括早期部分熔融(～10％)、晚期部分熔融(20％～30％)和局部的减压部分熔融作用(～15％).对比其他铬铁矿矿体和地幔橄榄岩的矿物组合,矿物化学和地球化学等,显示普兰豆荚状铬铁矿矿体与典型高铬型、高铝型铬铁矿具相似性,并存在较大的找矿空间.     

对雅鲁藏布江结合带形成演化的再探讨

通过1∶5万区域地质调查和收集相关资料的综合研究,本文对雅鲁藏布江结合带的形成演化作了进一步的探讨。雅鲁藏布江特提斯洋具有弧后扩张洋盆的性质,在早三叠世至中三叠世中期洋盆初步形成,中三叠世晚期至晚三叠世洋盆全面形成,从早侏罗世至晚白垩世洋盆逐步萎缩,到古新世至始新世关闭。南带的蛇绿岩主要为洋中脊扩张型(MORB型),形成于中三叠世晚期至晚三叠世。北带的蛇绿岩主要为与洋内俯冲相关的俯冲带上盘型(SSZ型),形成于早中侏罗世。带内侏罗纪至白垩纪其他岩浆岩主要为前弧玄武岩类(FAB型)。显示雅鲁藏布江特提斯洋从早侏罗世开始发生了洋内俯冲,并同步向北向冈底斯带之下主动俯冲消减和向南向喜马拉雅地块之下被动俯冲消减,持续发展到晚白垩世,在古新世至始新世俯冲碰撞消亡转化为结合带。