潍北凹陷孔店组二段页岩气资源潜力分析

潍北凹陷是昌潍坳陷的次一级凹陷盆地,也是胜利油田外围常规油气开采区。潍北凹陷孔店组二段发育了较厚的暗色泥页岩,是页岩气形成最有利层段,也是常规油气的生烃母岩。利用昌页参1井数据,结合以往资料,对潍北凹陷孔店组二段岩性特征,有机地球化学特征、矿物组成、泥页岩含气性特征等进行分析研究,认为孔店组二段上亚段下部和中亚段下部具备页岩气资源勘查开发潜力。     

辽宁省中晚元古代—中生代页岩的化学元素丰度及其演化特征

作者利用全省不同地质时代和不同地质构造单元内的页岩41种元素的分析数据,计算出辽宁省全域内的页岩元素丰度休系。同时探讨了元素从中、晚元古代至中生代的演化规律,指出Ca、Cd、Sb、As、Na、Mn、P、Sr的元素丰度随时间序列的演化不断增长,B、F、K、Rb、W、Mg则显示出降低的趋势。某些元素比值从老至新表现出明显的规律性变化,如Sr/Ba、Ca/Mg值的演化具有阶段性,K/Na、Th/U值的演化具有方向性,Al/Ti值的演化则具有周期性。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组长7油组页岩层系天然裂缝发育特征及主控因素

利用地表露头、岩心、薄片和测井资料,对鄂尔多斯盆地南部长7油层组陆相页岩层系天然裂缝的成因类型、发育特征和主控因素进行研究。按地质成因,鄂尔多斯盆地南部长7油层组页岩层系的天然裂缝可以分为构造裂缝和成岩裂缝两大类,其中构造裂缝主要包括剪切裂缝和张性裂缝;成岩裂缝主要包括层理缝、页理缝和收缩裂缝。不同岩性中的天然裂缝发育情况明显不同,致密砂岩中以构造裂缝为主,层理缝仅在粉砂岩和局部细砂岩中发育;页岩和凝灰岩中页理缝、层理缝和构造裂缝均比较发育。不同类型的天然裂缝主控因素明显不同,构造裂缝的发育主要受岩性和岩石力学层层厚控制;砂岩中层理缝的发育主要受碳质纹层、粘土矿物转化程度等因素控制;凝灰岩中层理缝的发育主要受刚性玻屑脱玻化作用的控制;页岩中页理缝的发育主要受纹层、TOC含量和黄铁矿含量的控制。     

Taphonomy of large marine vertebrates in the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) Tropic Shale of southern Utah

Sediments from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) Tropic Shale were deposited along the western margin of the Western Interior Seaway, in present-day southern Utah. Marine vertebrates from this formation include plesiosaurs, mosasaurs, bony fish, sharks, and turtles. They are concentrated in the lower portion of the Tropic Shale, mostly between Bentonites B and D. Study of the taphonomic condition of these vertebrates has contributed to an understanding of how they were preserved as well as a detailed paleoenvironment for the Tropic Shale. Physical factors played the dominant role in their preservation, with robust and durable skeletal elements, such as teeth and vertebrae, being most common within the shale. Isolated bones and teeth are also relatively common within the formation, while complete and nearly complete skeletons are more rare. Biological factors played a less dominant role, with no evidence of epifaunal or infaunal activity preserved with any of the skeletal remains. In addition, scavenging marks (both bite and gnaw marks) are relatively uncommon, typically only being found on more complete specimens. A signature of post-burial alteration can be recognized as low levels of abrasion, weathering, and compression and high levels of fracturing of vertebrate skeletal material. Slightly higher levels of abrasion and weathering occur to the west, closer to the ancient shoreline, suggesting some pre-burial alteration. The preservation of marine vertebrates in the Tropic Shale suggests a low energy marine environment with some weak bottom currents and low levels of benthic oxygen. The substrate ranged from soft and soupy to firm, with moderate sedimentation rates resulting in relatively rapid burial.     

Stratigraphic and regional distribution of fractures in Barremian–Aptian carbonate rocks of Eastern Oman: outcrop data and their extrapolation to Interior Oman hydrocarbon reservoirs

The carbonates of the Barremian to Aptian Qishn Formation are outcrop equivalents to major hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Middle East and in Oman specifically. The rocks are exposed in the Haushi–Huqf area of eastern Oman where they are affected by pervasive jointing and localized folding and faulting. Information gathered in the Huqf outcrops can be used to formulate predictions on fracture patterns in adjacent reservoirs. Systematic joints are confined to few meters-thick intervals of widely differing lithologies, which can be correlated over hundreds of square kilometers. Over the entire area, systematic joints are typically more than tens of meters long, have spacings of 4–18 cm and homogeneous morphologies. These joints are interpreted to be of Late Aptian age. The dominant set of joints strikes consistently NW–SE and developed parallel to the causative maximum horizontal compression S_H. The direction of compression is at an high angle to the two major tectonic domains of the region, the subsiding Oman Interior basins and the elevated Haushi-Huqf High. NW–SE compression is proposed to have caused crustal/lithospheric buckling and thereby to have controlled Jurassic to Early Tertiary patterns of vertical movements. In such a scenario, the direction of compression is predicted to be constant over the entire domain. It is thus expected that Qishn carbonates in the subsiding Oman Interior basins also experienced NW–SE compression and developed systematic joints similar to those observed in the Huqf region. In the Neogene, with the establishment of the Zagros stress field, the maximum horizontal compression became roughly N–S, thereby possibly leading to the closure of pre-existing joint systems.     

Coastal pollution hazards in southern California observed by SAR imagery: stormwater plumes, wastewater plumes, and natural hydrocarbon seeps

Stormwater runoff plumes, municipal wastewater plumes, and natural hydrocarbon seeps are important pollution hazards for the heavily populated Southern California Bight (SCB). Due to their small size, dynamic and episodic nature, these hazards are difficult to sample adequately using traditional in situ oceanographic methods. Complex coastal circulation and persistent cloud cover can further complicate detection and monitoring of these hazards. We use imagery from space-borne synthetic aperture radar (SAR), complemented by field measurements, to examine these hazards in the SCB. The hazards are detectable in SAR imagery because they deposit surfactants on the sea surface, smoothing capillary and small gravity waves to produce areas of reduced backscatter compared with the surrounding ocean. We suggest that high-resolution SAR, which obtains useful data regardless of darkness or cloud cover, could be an important observational tool for assessment and monitoring of coastal marine pollution hazards in the SCB and other urbanized coastal regions.     

基于GIS的金属矿山安全信息系统的实现

将地理信息系统（GIS）、数据库等技术运用到金属矿山安全生产中,设计并开发了基于GIS的金属矿山安全信息系统。本文重点阐述该系统的总体设计、数据库设计和核心功能实现。系统可进行地图管理、信息查询等基本操作和金属矿山的安全评价、事故预警,以及矿区地形的DEM分析,为金属矿山的安全生产提供科学指导。     

Assessment of the management of organizations supplying ecosystem services from tropical forests

Global environmental change leads to degradation of tropical forests in many countries. In response to this pressure, programs for payments for ecosystem services (PES) are developing and organizations are emerging which manage forests in order to supply ecosystem services, rather than only harvest timber. Typically such services are carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, pollination, and watershed protection. Public or private actors interested to invest in or donate money for the provisioning of such services are faced with the problem of choosing the appropriate organization supplying ecosystem services. The goal of this paper was to develop an assessment framework based on the balanced scorecard concept including drivers, impact, performance and context variables. Results of a survey of international market actors were used to determine assessment criteria and their weights. Putting the focus of this paper on drivers and impacts, we assessed Latin American organizations that “sell” ecosystem services from tropical forests in terms of their general management, marketing, forest management, client and stakeholder satisfaction, and forest ecosystem status. We found that supplying organizations vary widely with respect to their achievements in these areas. However, the variance of assessment results is influenced even more by the variance in weights the international market actors allocate to the assessment criteria. The insights of this study can contribute to the continuous improvement of management processes in supplying organizations and can support investors and donors in their decision-making with respect to organization supplying ecosystem services.     

气溶胶-气候耦合模式系统BCC_AGCM2.0.1_CAM气候态模拟的初步评估

本文讨论了国家气候中心第二代大气环流模式BCC_AGCM2.0.1和加拿大气溶胶理化模式CAM所组成的耦合模式系统对5种典型气溶胶(硫酸盐、黑碳、有机碳、沙尘和海盐)和气候要素的模拟效果。结果表明,耦合系统对5种典型气溶胶的模拟总体上比较合理,尤其是对硫酸盐、沙尘和海盐的模拟比BCC_AGCM2.0.1原有的月平均气溶胶资料有很大的改进。耦合系统模拟的全球平均气候态参量与观测/再分析资料比较一致,在总云量、陆地表面温度和降水等方面要略优于原月平均气溶胶资料的模拟结果。耦合系统对沙尘和海盐气溶胶模拟的改进使得撒哈拉沙漠和南半球中纬度海洋大气顶净太阳辐射的模拟也有所改进,而这将直接影响地表温度尤其是陆地表面温度。而不同气溶胶方案在赤道海洋上引起的云反馈不仅引起辐射的改变,还将对降水产生明显影响。     

松辽盆地朝阳沟阶地扶余-杨大城子油层油源分析与油气运移模式

基于生物标志化合物参数,系统对比分析了朝阳沟阶地扶余-杨大城子油层原油与三肇凹陷及朝阳沟阶地青山口组-段源岩的关系,表明朝阳沟阶地扶余油层有两个主要油源,即三肇凹陷青-段源岩与朝阳沟本地区青-段源岩,且两者对扶余油层的贡献量可能基本相同.朝阳沟地区杨大城子油层原油与三肇凹陷青-段源岩有密切的亲缘关系,与朝阳沟青-段源岩亲缘关系不明显.这与朝阳沟阶地源岩超压值相对较小、导致油气下排距离浅、进入杨大城子油层的油气量较小相符.在油源对比的基础上,结合断裂和砂体分布等各种地质条件,将朝阳沟阶地油气运移模式分为远源长距离侧向运移和近源短距离侧向运移两种类型.