典型城市河道氮、磷自净能力影响因素

以典型城市河道(苏州官渎花园内河)为研究对象,通过室内和室外模拟实验,研究不同污染物浓度、流速、曝气复氧、渗滤作用和温度对氮、磷自净能力的影响,结果表明:水体中氮、磷的自净作用受污染物浓度、流速、溶解氧浓度、温度和微生物等多种因素的影响.随着污染物浓度的增加,氨氮和硝态氮降解速率增加,而底泥中磷的总体吸附速率却增大.与静止水体相比,模拟河道通过增加流速、曝气复氧、渗滤作用能增强水体氮磷的自净能力,提高氮、磷降解速率.其中,改变流速后自净参数氨氮和总磷增量分别为17.05%和34.85%;曝气复氧后自净参数氨氮和总磷增量分别为8.35%和59.33%;增加微生物量(渗滤作用)后自净参数氨氮和总磷增量分别为50.00%和23.01%.自然条件下,随着温度的上升,氨氮和总氮的降解系数逐渐增大,总磷的降解系数逐渐减小.     

Groundwater flow path determination during riverbank filtration affected by groundwater exploitation: a case study of Liao River,Northeast China

The groundwater flow path plays an important role in maintaining hydrological and ecological quality and security, which are important in the comprehensive management and use of both groundwater and surface water. In this study, an integrated multi-tracer-constrained framework was used to determine the groundwater flow path. The results show that there are shallow and deep flow paths in riverbank filtration, controlled by the different permeabilities of riverbed sediments and aquifers at different depths. The contribution of river water to shallow groundwater is less than that to deep groundwater because of the low permeability of the riverbed sediment in the dense muddy layer in the shallow slope of the river valley. This contribution decreases with increasing distance from the Liao River. The shallow groundwater quality is better than the deep groundwater quality because of its longer residence time.     

无机硅酸凝胶SC-1的封堵特性室内实验评价

针对渤海油田老区块增油控水的现状,提出在海上油田使用无机硅酸凝胶SC-1调剖体系。室内实验结果表明,该凝胶体系的封堵效率可以达到89%以上,其封堵稳定性与渗透率有关,在渗透率为7.95μm^2时,经过23 PV水冲刷后,封堵效率仍然可以达到99.24%,但是在渗透率为0.152μm^2时,经过22 PV水冲刷后,封堵效率仅为4.13%。在平面非均质并联管实验中,该体系能够高效封堵高渗水层,改善纵向矛盾,提高高、低渗层的采收率,分别为4.92%和6.45%。结合无机凝胶的污染小、成本低的特点,此凝胶体系在海上油田有很广阔的应用前景。     

Size fractionation and optical properties of colloids in an organic-rich estuary (Thurso, UK)

The optical characteristics of a black water river estuary from the north coast of Scotland were examined in the filtered (0.4 µm), ultrafiltered (5 kDa) and colloid-enriched fractions of estuarine samples. The samples were collected over the full salinity range during a period when the pH was relatively constant (8.2–8.5) throughout the estuary, allowing the influence of salinity on estuarine colloidal processes to be distinguished. The properties examined in the bulk, the low molecular weight (LMW) and the colloidal fraction (HMW) were UV–visible absorption, 3-D fluorescence excitation–emission matrix (EEM) spectrum, inorganic and organic carbon, mean size (by dynamic light scattering), and size distribution by flow field-flow fractionation analysis (FlFFF). The combined results of these analyses support the view that river-borne, humic-rich colloids underwent two types of transformation upon mixing with the seawater end member. The first one resulted in an apparent increase in the abundance of LMW constituents and may be explained by coiling of the individual humic macromolecules. The second one resulted in an increase in the mean size measured in both the lower and higher colloidal size ranges, and may be explained by aggregation of colloids to form entities that were still mostly colloidal i.e., smaller than 0.4 µm. The LMW contribution to the bulk optical properties increased with increasing salinity. Very similar findings were obtained from simulated mixing experiments using a Nordic Reference NOM extract as a source of freshwater colloids. This indicates that changes in the molecular architecture and molar mass of river-borne colloids—not changes in their chemical nature—were responsible for the observed variations in the spectral characteristics of CDOM in this estuary.     

乳山湾外海溶氧低值区细菌多样性初步研究

采用化学裂解法从乳山湾外海溶氧低值区不同溶解氧质量浓度(3.7～7.0mg.L-1)的6个站位海水样品中提取了环境DNA样品。以试剂盒纯化后的DNA样品为模板扩增其16SrRNA基因V3区,通过变性梯度凝胶电泳、分子文库构建及DNA测序对溶氧低值区海水中的细菌群落结构进行研究。结果表明,乳山湾外海溶氧低值区不同溶解氧质量浓度的6个站位底层海水样品中的细菌群落结构是相似的,它们均由隶属于Alteromonas(交替单胞菌属)、Salegentibacter(需盐杆菌属)等10个属的18种细菌组成。系统发育分析发现这些细菌分别属于α变形菌纲(2种)、γ变形菌纲(12种)和黄杆菌纲(3种)三个大类。在乳山湾外海溶氧低值区的海水样品中细菌多样性最高的类群是γ变形菌纲。     

中华绒螯蟹不同组织LDH同工酶凝胶电泳分析

采用高pH不连续系统聚丙烯酰胺垂直板凝胶电泳,特异性组织化学染色对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)的血清、肌肉、鳃、心脏、肝胰腺、精巢和精子等组织的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)同工酶酶谱进行了研究。同时,利用2种底物(乳酸钠和α-羟基丁酸钠)进行了特异性反应,并对其精子特异性乳酸脱氢酶进行了研究。结果表明:以乳酸钠为底物时,中华绒螯蟹的肌肉、鳃、血清和心脏有2条谱带,而精巢和精子有3条谱带,但在肝胰腺中未发现谱带;以α-羟基丁酸钠为底物时,只在血清、精巢和精子发现有1条谱带。从而说明,中华绒螯蟹乳酸脱氢酶同工酶存在组织特异性;精子存在特异性乳酸脱氢酶。     

Lognormality in the observed size distribution of oil and gas pools as a consequence of sampling bias

Economic filtration has been offered as an explanation of the observed lognormality in the size distribution of discovered oil and gas deposits. The result leads to the conclusion that one cannot impute the shape of the underlying parent distribution from the observed discoveries size distribution. The fact that the largest pools tend to be discovered early in the exploration history of an area of interest suggests the existence of an inherent sampling bias in the discovery process. The bias is influenced by the levels of geologic knowledge and technological sophistication. Furthermore, the existence of the bias leads to lognormality in the observed discoveries size distribution of oil and gas pools. A discovery process model explicitly incorporating the notion of sampling bias was applied to a series of Weibull parent frequency size distributions. The selected parent distributions are of a class suggested in the literature as more reflective of nature's size distribution and have empirical support. The distribution of discoveries resulting from the application of the model to the chosen parent size distributions were tested for lognormality using a chi-squared test. Lognormality was found to be an acceptable model of the discoveries size distribution over a wide range of resource exhaustion measures. When combined with the notion of economic filtration, sampling bias leads to the conclusion that one should not expect the lognormal distribution to accurately represent the underlying parent size distribution of oil and gas deposits.     

Shallow groundwater dynamics and its driving forces in extremely arid areas: a case study of the lower Heihe River in northwestern China

Shallow groundwater is an important source of water for the maintenance and restoration of ecosystems in arid environments, which necessitates a deeper understanding of its complex spatial and temporal dynamics driven by hydrological processes. This study explores the dominant hydrological processes that control the shallow groundwater dynamics in the Gobi Desert‐riparian‐oasis system of the lower Heihe River, a typical arid inland river basin located in northwestern China. The groundwater level and temperature were monitored in 14 shallow wells at 30‐min intervals during the 2010–2012 period. After combining this information with meteorological and hydrological data, a comprehensive analysis was conducted to understand the dynamic behaviour of the shallow groundwater system and to determine the dominant factors that control the groundwater flow processes. The results of the study indicate notably large temporal and spatial variations in both the groundwater level and temperature. Noticeable fluctuations in the groundwater level (0.5–1 m) and temperature (4–8 °C) were observed in the riparian zone, evidencing a clear river influence. In comparison, the groundwater fluctuations in the Gobi Desert were more stable (the annual variations of the water table were less than 0.5 m, and the water temperature varied by no more than 2 °C). Strong variations in the groundwater table (1.5–5.0 m/year) and temperature (1.5–6.5 °C), mainly caused by surface flood irrigation and groundwater pumping, were observed in the oasis area. The investigated sites were categorized into three types that reflect the dominant hydrological processes: (1) the riparian zone, dominated by riverbank filtration and groundwater evapotranspiration; (2) the Gobi Desert area, controlled by groundwater evaporation and lateral recharge; and (3) the oasis area, dominated by groundwater evapotranspiration as well as surface–groundwater interactions caused by human activities. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

两种鲨鱼鳃部真菌菌群的PCR-DGGE分析

以提取自东海海域两种鲨鱼(尖吻鲭鲨和噬人鲨)鳃耙组织的总DNA为模板,对其真菌菌群rDNA的基因内转录间隔区ITS1序列进行了PCR扩增,扩增产物经变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)分离,电泳图谱中的7条主要条带经过二次PCR扩增后进行了克隆测序。NCBI-BLAST比对及分子系统发育分析结果表明,尖吻鲭鲨鳃部真菌菌群的优势种来自四个分类单元,其中一个来自青霉属,三个来自曲霉属;噬人鲨鳃部真菌的优势种来自四个分类单元,其中一种来自青霉属、两个来自梗孢酵母属、一个来自枝顶孢属;青霉属为两种鲨鱼鳃部共同的优势菌;另外DGGE指纹图谱显示还有种类较丰富的劣势菌存在。数据库检索显示多数真菌分类单元具有较好的产生生物活性天然产物的潜力。该PCR-DGGE分析揭示鲨鱼鳃部栖生有较丰富的真菌类群,它们的代谢产物及其与宿主之间的相互作用还有待深入研究。     

ICP-MS测定甘肃某农场大气颗粒物中的铬、铜、砷、镉、铅含量

空气滤膜吸附采集甘肃某农场大气粉尘样品,采用盐酸—硝酸—氢氟酸—高氯酸溶解,电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）同时测定溶液中铬、铜、砷、镉、铅等重金属元素含量,分析农田环境大气颗粒中的重金属元素对农作物的影响,同时验证不同仪器工作参数对测定结果的影响。实验表明：在选定的实验条件下,分析元素的检出限低,准确性和精密度...