Reliability assessment of granular filters in embankment dams

Empirical criteria have been used successfully to design filters of most embankment large dam projects throughout the world. However, these empirical rules are only applicable to a particular range of soils tested in laboratory and do not take into account the variability of the base material and filter particle sizes. In addition, it is widely accepted that the safety of fill dams is mainly dependent on the reliability of their filter performance. The work herein presented consists in a new general method for assessing the probability of fulfilling any empirical filter design criteria accounting for base and filter heterogeneity by means of first‐order reliability methods (FORM), so that reliability indexes and probabilities of fulfilling any particular criteria are obtained. This method will allow engineers to estimate the safety of existing filters in terms of probability of fulfilling their design criteria and might also be used as a decision tool on sampling needs and material size tolerances during construction. In addition, sensitivity analysis makes possible to analyse how reliabilities are influenced by different sources of input data. Finally, in case of a portfolio risk assessment, this method will allow engineers to compare the safety of several existing dams in order to prioritize safety investments and it is expected to be a very useful tool to evaluate probabilities of failure due to internal erosion. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

About Darcy's law in non-Galilean frame

This paper is aimed towards investigating the filtration law of an incompressible viscous Newtonian fluid through a rigid non-inertial porous medium (e.g. a porous medium placed in a centrifuge basket). The filtration law is obtained by upscaling the flow equations at the pore scale. The upscaling technique is the homogenization method of multiple scale expansions which rigorously gives the macroscopic behaviour and the effective properties without any prerequisite on the form of the macroscopic equations. The derived filtration law is similar to Darcy's law, but the tensor of permeability presents the following remarkable properties: it depends upon the angular velocity of the porous matrix, it verifies Hall–Onsager's relationship and it is a non-symmetric tensor. We thus deduce that, under rotation, an isotropic porous medium leads to a non-isotropic effective permeability. In this paper, we present the results of numerical simulations of the flow through rotating porous media. This allows us to highlight the deviations of the flow due to Coriolis effects at both the microscopic scale (i.e. the pore scale), and the macroscopic scale (i.e. the sample scale). The above results confirm that for an isotropic medium, phenomenological laws already proposed in the literature fails at reproducing three-dimensional Coriolis effects in all types of pores geometry. We show that Coriolis effects may lead to significant variations of the permeability measured during centrifuge tests when the inverse Ekman number Ek⁻¹ is 𝒪(1). These variations are estimated to be less than 5% if Ek⁻¹<0.2, which is the case of classical geotechnical centrifuge tests. We finally conclude by showing that available experimental data from tests carried out in centrifuges are not sufficient to determining the effective tensor of permeability of rotating porous media. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

扎赉诺尔煤田水文地球化学特征及成因分析

扎赉诺尔煤田地处山前,有利的地理环境条件形成了独特的水文地质特征—地下水的垂直分带和地下水顺层径流。其特有的水文地球化学环境导致了地下水成分的差异性。本文从水文地球化学的角度,对煤田地下水的水文地球化学特征及成因进行了论述分析。     

Removal of Elongated Particle Aggregates on Fibrous Filters

Elongated aerosol particle removal on fibrous filters has been investigated. It was shown that particle agglomerates are removed much more efficiently compared to the regularly shaped single particles with identical electrical mobility diameter at two filtration velocities tested. The experimental results were compared with the classical filtration theory and it was shown that the theoretical predictions, which are based on the assumption that the particles are spherical, are significantly different compared to an agglomerate filtration efficiency value. In order to account for a particle shape non-regularity, dominating nanoparticle removal mechanisms were firstly evaluated for a regular particle of certain size and then adjusted by fitting coefficients k₁ (for diffusion component) and k₂ (for interception). These coefficients were determined by fitting the theoretical values that gives the best coincidence with the measured data points. As was further demonstrated theoretically, the coefficient k₁ is identical to the ratio of the actual particle surface area to the surface area of the spherical particle of the equivalent diameter. On the other hand, the coefficient k₂ was found to be equal to the ratio of the projection of a given particle on a plane perpendicular to a streamline, to that of the spherical particle of the equivalent diameter. The reported findings would allow undertaking more accurate evaluation of the removal efficiency of non-regular aerosol particle, which is especially important for industrial applications where non-regular aerosols are frequently met.     

几丁糖酯原料药稳定性研究

该文建立高效凝胶渗透色谱法 (HPGPC) ,明胶比浊法 ,氧瓶燃烧法三种分析方法考察海洋硫酸多糖药物几丁糖酯的稳定性 ,采用这三种方法分别考察几丁糖酯原料药在高温、高湿、强光照射及加速条件下分子量及分布宽度、样品中硫酸根含量及样品含量的变化情况。结果表明 :三种方法均适用于几丁糖酯的稳定性考察 ,几丁糖酯在上述影响因素条件下稳定性良好     

镉胁迫对大弹涂鱼(Boleophthalmus pectinirostris)血细胞遗传损伤的研究

以大弹涂鱼为研究对象,应用单细胞凝胶电泳技术并结合外周血基因组DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳,研究了镉胁迫对大弹涂鱼外周血细胞的遗传损伤。结果表明:(1)镉对大弹涂鱼外周血细胞是遗传毒性而非细胞毒性,并且产生的遗传损伤存在显著(P0.01或P0.05)的剂量效应,染毒1h的大弹涂鱼的全长和尾长与浓度的相关方程分别是y=29.592x-10.576(r2=0.9786),y=28.417x-14.859(r2=0.9857),染毒2h的大弹涂鱼的全长和尾长与浓度的相关方程分别是y=32.044x-5.0235(r2=0.941),y=29.911x-9.539(r2=0.9635)。(2)DNA的损伤程度和污染胁迫之间存在着时间效应。以上结果表明,DNA损伤可作为大弹涂鱼受镉胁迫时的生物指标。     

黄海西北近岸沉积物中细菌群落空间分布特征

采用16S rDNA文库和变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术,对黄海西北部3个近岸站位沉积物中细菌群落多样性及空间分布特征进行了调查和解析。对表层沉积物16S rDNA序列统计表明,各站位细菌群落多样性很高,γ-和δ-变形菌纲分别占克隆序列总数的20%~32%,是沉积物中的绝对优势类群。DGGE图谱分析表明,同一站位中不同深度的细菌群落结构相似性较高,而不同站位间群落结构相差较远。研究表明在黄海西北近岸沉积物中细菌群落多样性较高,优势类群明显,在较小尺度范围内群落结构的垂直变化不明显。     

米氏凯伦藻细胞表面膜蛋白质组及其对温度变化的响应研究

米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)近年在我国福建、浙江和广东沿海经常形成赤潮,其赤潮不仅影响到海洋生态系统的稳定,也严重威胁到水产养殖以及人类生命健康安全。本论文以米氏凯伦藻为研究对象,建立了米氏凯伦藻细胞表面膜蛋白质荧光标记技术和细胞膜蛋白质提取方法,运用荧光差异凝胶电泳技术(2-DDIGE)对膜蛋白质进行了分析,并研究了米氏凯伦藻的膜蛋白质组及其对环境温度变动的响应。实验共鉴定到44个细胞表面膜蛋白,其中有效注释27个,主要为转运蛋白、HSP70蛋白家族和捕光蛋白等。米氏凯伦藻在20°C条件下的细胞生长和光合作用要明显好于16°C和12°C,但16°C和12°C条件下的差别不大,表明低温限制了米氏凯伦藻的生长。当米氏凯伦藻从12°C快速转移至16°C和20°C时,藻细胞密度和光合作用效率短时间迅速降低,但细胞很快即适应温度变化。细胞膜上的转运蛋白和光合作用蛋白在其适应温度变化中起着重要作用。     

Feeding,defaecation and absorption efficiency in the Cape rock lobster jasus lalandii

In order to estimate the absorption rate of carbon by the palinurid lobster Jasus lalandii, the net quantity of ingested carbon and gross carbon content of faeces must be known. Experimental animals were selected for consistent feeding and subsequently starved for 72 h. Ingested carbon was established by determining the carbon content of the prey mussel Choromytilus meridionalis under controlled aquarium conditions through five eating/defaecating cycles. The losses of particulate and dissolved organic carbon due to messy feeding were measured and amounted to 20,1 per cent of the food presented. Of the net carbon ingested, 20,5 per cent was voided as faeces, thereby giving a mean absorption efficiency of 79,5 per cent (n = 15, SD = 4,6%). J. lalandii, as a top carnivore in the inshore Benguela ecosystem, is therefore highly efficient in the utilization of ingested carbon. In animals of commercial size (≥ 89 mm carapace length), small variations in absorption efficiencies exhibited were neither dependent on body mass nor ingested mass, but may rather be attributed to scatter inherent in all biological systems.     

弱冻胶调剖剂在孤岛油田污水中成胶性能评价

应用孤岛油田现场聚合物和美国进口复合有机铬交联剂TIORCOWC684进行了一系列的室内评价实验。实验结果表明,宝莫聚合物均具有较好的初始黏度、且形成的弱冻胶体系强度高;弱冻胶主段塞选取聚合物浓度2500--3000mg／L,交联剂浓度300--600mg／L,成胶强度较高,且胶体不易脱水;弱冻胶封口段塞聚合物浓度为4000mg／L,交联剂浓度300--900mg／L,胶体强度较大、韧性好,满足封口的要求;同时评价了封口段塞的耐盐性能,结果表明该体系随盐类矿化度的增加体系强度有增加趋势。