Diffraction of oblique waves by thick rectangular barriers

A complete analytical solution is presented for the linear diffraction of oblique waves by horizontal rectangular cylinders either fixed at the free surface or mounted on the sea bed in a finite-depth of water. Helmholtz equation is employed as the governing differential equation obtained by reducing the 3-D oblique wave scattering problem to a 2-D case. According to the method proposed, the fluid region is divided into three sub-regions in which the governing differential equation is solved by the separation of variables. The solutions for each region are then matched on the common boundaries of sub-regions to determine the unknowns of the eigen series expansions and Fourier series. Thus transmitted and reflected waves are obtained in the far-field, and forces and moments acting on the rectangular cylinder fixed at the free surface are also given. Comparisons are made in order to check the accuracy of the method.     

Liberation-limited grade/recovery curves from X-ray micro CT analysis of feed material for the evaluation of separation efficiency

Procedures for 3D mineral liberation analysis by X-ray micro CT (XMT) are presented and discussed including the construction of liberation-limited grade/recovery curves for specific feed materials. In this way, actual separation efficiencies can be compared to what might be expected for a perfect separation limited only by the extent of liberation. It is shown that 3D mineral liberation analysis based on XMT is preferred to 2D section analysis which overestimates the extent of liberation. By way of example, procedures and experimental results are presented and discussed for feed material in the case of phosphate rock flotation.     

Chromatographic Separation and Analytic Procedure for Priority Organic Pollutants in Urban Air

A separation procedure was developed for analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in urban air, while simultaneously eliminating the interfering compounds. This was carried out by optimization of a column chromatograph with regard to the eluent type (n‐hexane and n‐pentane), volume of eluent, type of sorbent material (silica gel and florisil) and activation level of the sorbent material. The determination of the level of PCBs and PAHs was carried out using gas chromatography (GC) equipped with a mass selective detector (MSD), while determination of the OCPs was carried out by GC equipped with an electron capture detector (μ‐ECD). The use of a silica gel column (10 g, 5% deactivated with H₂O) with 70 mL of n‐hexane gave satisfactory separation of PCBs from PAHs and OCPs. After collecting the PCBs with 70 mL of n‐hexane, 3·20 mL of n‐hexane:ethyl acetate, (1:1, v:v) was adequate for elution of the PAHs and OCPs from the column. The primary aim of this study was to develop a multimethod for analyses of PCBs, PAHs, and OCPs in urban air as well as reducing solvent and sorbent consumption and analysis time during the clean‐up procedure compared to the US EPA standard methods (EPA methods TO‐13A for PAHs and TO‐4A for both PCBs and OCPs).     

Banded structure of drifting macroalgae

A massive bloom of macroalgae occurred in the western Yellow Sea at the end of May, 2008, and lasted for nearly 2 months. The surface-drifting macroalgae was observed to accumulate in a pattern dominated by linear bands. The maximum length of individual algal bands exceeded 10 km and the distance between neighboring bands ranged from hundreds of meters to 6 km. Seven satellite images were analyzed to determine the distances between neighboring bands. Proportions of about 24%, 38%, and 22% are responsible for the separation distances smaller than 1 km, between 1 and 2 km, and between 2 and 3 km, respectively. The separation of about five percent of the bands exceeds 4 km. The probability distribution of the separation distance is quite close to log-normal which is that found in Langmuir circulation. However, the observed algal band separation greatly exceeds the distances between convergence lines reported in Langmuir circulation.     

龙游灵山多金属黄铁矿选矿研究与开发利用分析

本文从选矿试验的结果出发，总结矿石的选矿规律，剖析产生的地质资源原因，并在此基础上提出灵山矿区分步建设，即先形成采矿能力，后建选矿厂。     

Quantitative Separation of As(III) and As(V) from a Synthetic Water Solution Using Ion Exchange Columns in the Presence of Fe and Mn Ions

The quantitative separation of As(III) from a water sample containing As(III) and As(V) in the presence of Fe and Mn in an ion exchange resin (AG1 X8) column for the speciation of arsenic is described. Individual and combined effects of Fe and Mn on the separation of As(III) from the solution have been studied separately. In absence of Fe and Mn, the ratio between the As(T) concentration in the eluent and the As(III) concentration in the original sample has been found to be 0.9717 under optimum process conditions. The presence of Fe(II) in the water sample increased the As(T) concentration in the eluent whereas Mn(II) decreased it. Combined effects of Fe and Mn on the percentage increment in the eluent arsenic concentration have been expressed by additive and interactive models. The interactive model has been developed by a statistical software with a 95 % confidence level. In most of the cases the error on the determination of the As(III) concentration had a minimum when using the interactive model.     

三元体系CaCl2-SrCl2-H2O相平衡在高钙锶比卤水体系中分离提取氯化锶的应用

采用等温溶解平衡法测定了三元体系CaCl₂-SrCl₂-H₂O温度在353.15 K时共饱和点的溶解度。基于实验结果和文献已有报道的该体系多温下的相平衡数据,模拟了南翼山油田卤水中氯化钙和氯化锶在温度323.15 K下的分离实验。模拟钙锶分离实验结果表明,物质的量比为25.41∶1的CaCl₂和SrCl₂的混合溶液在323.15 K下蒸发结晶提纯后的固相中钙锶物质的量比降低为1.73∶1,SrCl₂的回收率为52.47%,将所得一次固相产品在323.15 K下溶解并再次蒸发后,钙和锶的物质的量比从1.73∶1降至1.1∶1,SrCl₂的回收率为78.67%,SrCl₂的总回收率为41.28%。     

一次大磁暴主相期间ENA氧与氢的分离及分布特征——TWINS卫星观测

本文采用基于ENA(Energetic Neutral Atoms)次生电子起始脉冲高度分布,统计拟合分离中能段ENA两种主要成分氢和氧的方法,研发了实现ENA氢与氧分离的TWINS卫星原始数据处理软件;其中所需要的脉高分布模型,参照已有理论公式,利用TWINS(Two Wide-angle Imaging Neutral-atom Spectrometers)卫星标定数据进行拟合确定未知参数,再加以计算得到.将上述方法用于TWINS卫星实测数据,分离得到一次大磁暴主相期间ENA-H和ENA-O微分通量随观测视线的分布及其随主相增长的变化.分析发现:(1)ENA-H与ENA-O微分通量的强度和随观测视线的分布特征都有明显差别,从某种角度反映出ENA之源的O~+与H~+离子强度和分布之间的差异;(2)接近主相极大时,ENA-H有很强的低高度发射(LAE,Low Altitude Emission),出现在磁地方时午夜前极光和亚极光纬度区,意味着该区域较强的等离子片和环电流质子沉降,进入到外层基底以下较低高度大气层;而ENA-O则未有明显LAE产生;ENA-O强通量观测视线主要穿过广大环电流区,磁地方时主要在午夜之后以及黄昏前和黎明前后;(3)在磁暴主相快速增长期,ENA-O平均总通量持续增大,而ENA-H同步减小,ENA-O与ENA-H平均总通量的比率随环电流指数Dst绝对值的增大而大致成正比增长.     

时空阵列混场源电磁法理论及模拟研究

针对电磁勘探中的混场源输入条件,提出了一种时空阵列混场源电磁勘探方法.假设输入端同时包含天然电磁场源和可控人工场源,输出端进行多站同步观测;基于多输入-多输出系统的分析方法,推导了混场源条件下的时空阵列方程组.提出了系统响应的求解策略,一次性获得所有同步测道对各个场源独立激励时的响应,并分别求取了大地电磁法及可控源电磁法的各种解释参数.在此理论基础上,设计了针对性的施工方案;可控人工场源的选择形式多样,其类型、数量、激励方式及布设位置等不受限制,所有场源的激励可同时进行,无需分步;测区内各测站的布设方式灵活,可根据需要布设单分量测道或多分量测道;同时在测区外布设张量远参考站.利用数值模拟方法,论证了方法的有效性,并与常规方法进行了对比.结果表明,本方法不仅可提高人工场响应的处理精度,还具有一次野外数据采集,可同时获得天然场及人工场电磁响应结果的突出特点,进而提高采集效率,压制噪声影响;本方法集合了天然场源电磁法和人工场源电磁法的优点,为实现不同类型频率域电磁测深方法数据的统一处理提供了思路.     

Flow around a partly buried cylinder in a steady current

The flow around a cylinder, surface mounted or partly buried has been examined at Reynolds number of 1.3×10⁴ and 2.6×10⁴ by using the flow visualization method in the case of steady current. The lengths of the upstream and downstream separation regions were determined and the characteristics of the flow area were discussed for the cylinder having different burial depth to the diameter ratio (G/D). For comparsion, some numerical results obtained from the application of the FLUENT, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package have also been presented. Both experimental and numerical results indicated that the lengths of the separation regions near the upstream and downstream of the cylinder decreased with the increasing burial ratio (G/D=0, 0.20, 0.50). The results have significant implications both for the illustration of the potential for using CFD software and highlighting the need for data of two dimensional flow around the buried cylinder.