Kinetic shear resistance,fluid pressures and radiation efficiency during seismic faulting

Summary During earthquake faulting, radiation efficiency and the degree stress relief are critically dependent on the kinetic shear resistance. This is often assumed to stay constant during slip, but geological evidence suggests that for moderate or large shallow earthquakes it may decrease dramatically to near-zero values once slip is initiated, either by melt formation or by transient increases in fluid pressure on the fault plane. The latter, probably more common process may arise partly through an interaction between temperature and water pressure, and partly through dilatancy recovery as shear stress is relieved. If the fault remains undrained, stress relief should be absolute with seismic efficiency reaching high values, so that stress drops give a measure of the level of tectonic shear stress in fault zones. Supporting evidence comes from the observation that apparent stress is generally about half the stress drop.     

Environmental geology in Thailand – programs and strategies

 The paper describes the activities and objectives of the Department of Mineral Resources in the field of environmental geology. This approach is still a comparatively new for Thailand and presently comprises different programs: environmental geology for regional planning, seismic hazards, flooding/landslides, coastal management and geosites conservation. The Environmental Geology Section of the Department is the relevant administrative unit. The technical work and the related documentations focus on rising public awareness and integration of geo-information into land-use planning and land development. Received: 23 April 1999 · Accepted: 8 June 1999     

Stability of earthquake moment tensor inversions: effect of the double-couple constraint

We show that spurious large non-double-couple components can be obtained in inversions for the full deviatoric moment tensor for shallow crustal earthquakes due to inaccurate Earth models. The traditional “best double-couple” solution does not in general provide an optimal estimate of a double-couple mechanism, and is only reliable when the non-double-couple component of the full deviatoric solution is small. The inverse problem for the moment tensors of the 1998 Antarctic Plate and 2000 Wharton Basin strike-slip earthquakes is shown in each case to have two well-fitting minima in the misfit function of pure double-couple solutions. Such pairs of solutions are most likely to exist for earthquakes which are close either to vertical strike-slip or to dip-slip on a fault plane dipping at 45°. It is shown theoretically that these pairs of solutions arise from the combination of the pure double-couple constraint and the instability of two elements of the moment tensor. No significant non-double-couple component is found for the shallow thrusting 1996 Biak, Indonesia earthquake.     

福州、小陶地震速报技术研究

本文通过分析福州、小陶地震的波形记录及各种定位参数 ,总结了该地区的震相特征和各台的震级情况 ,结合地震速报的规程 ,提出了对这两个地区地震速报的建议。     

TRANSALP—deep crustal Vibroseis and explosive seismic profiling in the Eastern Alps

The TRANSALP consortium, comprising institutions from Italy, Austria and Germany, carried out deep seismic reflection measurements in the Eastern Alps between Munich and Venice in 1998, 1999 and 2001. In order to complement each other in resolution and depth range, the Vibroseis technique was combined with simultaneous explosive source measurements. Additionally, passive cross-line recording provided three-dimensional control and alternative north–south sections. Profits were obtained by the combination of the three methods in sectors or depths where one method alone was less successful.The TRANSALP sections clearly image a thin-skinned wedge of tectonic nappes at the northern Alpine front zone, unexpected graben or half-graben structures within the European basement, and, thick-skinned back-thrusting in the southern frontal zone beneath the Dolomite Mountains. A bi-vergent structure at crustal scale is directed from the Alpine axis to the external parts. The Tauern Window obviously forms the hanging wall ramp anticline above a southward dipping, deep reaching reflection pattern interpreted as a tectonic ramp along which the Penninic units of the Tauern Window have been up-thrusted.The upper crystalline crust appears generally transparent. The lower crust in the European domain is characterized by a 6–7 km thick laminated structure. On the Adriatic side the lower crust displays a much thicker or twofold reflective pattern. The crustal root at about 55 km depth is shifted around 50 km to the south with respect to the main Alpine crest.     

地震勘探在山东蓬家夼金矿深部预测中的应用

在分析了石油地震与金属矿地震不同点的基础上，简介了地震勘探方法的基本原理，并通过在山东蓬家夼金矿的实际应用，得到了理想的效果，为隐伏矿床的精确定位预测提供了十分重要的地球物理资料。     

阻尼连体结构地震响应影响参数研究

针对阻尼连体结构,采用串并联质点系层模型,沿连体设置方向施加El Centro1940地震波,讨论了毗邻结构自振周期比与连接体阻尼刚度变化对阻尼连体结构地震响应的影响。研究结果表明:毗邻结构自振周期比与连体阻尼刚度对结构的地震响应影响较大,存在一个使结构地震响应为最优的周期比与阻尼刚度值,为实际工程应用和研究提供一些参考。     

日本9.0级和汶川8.0级地震引起云南地区井水温同震响应研究

收集云南地区井水温数字化观测资料,对比分析了2011年3月11日日本9.0级和2008年5月12日汶川8.0级2次地震引起的云南地区井水温同震响应特征。结果表明,不同构造区域的观测井的井水温同震响应存在差异,主要与井孔本身的特征和区域构造环境有关;同一口观测井对不同地震引起的水温响应变化形态基本一致,不受地震方位和震源机制的影响,井水温同震下降或上升响应幅度随震级的增大而增大,随震中距的增大而减小;井水温同震响应的机理主要是在地震波的作用下,观测井孔中的水体受震荡激发而加速对流与掺混导致水温发生变化,当地震波逐渐平息,探头附近的井水温逐步恢复。     

安庆4.8级地震序列的地震波谱变化研究

采用安徽区域数字地震台网记录的安庆4.8级地震序列波形资料,开展地震波谱研究,求取了零频位移谱值、应力降和地震矩等震源参数。分析了纵、横波零频谱值比和应力降随时间的变化趋势,并讨论了震源参数之间的关系。结果表明,安庆4.8级主震后,纵、横波零频位移谱值比和应力降呈现一定的变化规律,可为主震—余震序列的最大余震的预测提供一定的参考依据,同时发现震源参数与震级有一定相关。     

印度锡金邦6.8级地震中国西藏地区民房震害分析.

2011年9月18日印度锡金邦发生6.8级地震,对我国西藏地区造成较大人员伤亡与民房破坏.本文在现场地震烈度调查和地震损失评估基础上,对灾区民房震害进行了分析.给出了灾区民房的震害特点、抗震设防中存在的问题和对策建议.提出了西藏民居抗震设计的基本原则,强调了民居抗震中的概念设计.根据相应的抗震措施和原则,在不增加太多费用的情况下可以大幅提高房屋的抗震能力,减少地震人员伤亡和损失,促进西藏地区经济的和谐发展.