Field detection of chlorophyll-a concentration in the sea surface layer by an airborne oceanographic lidar

An airborne oceanographic lidar, with a frequency-tripled Q-switched Nd： YAG laser of 355 nm, has been designed to measure chlorophyll-a （Chl-a） concentration in the sea surface layer by the Ocean Remote Sensing Institute, OUC. The field experiment was carried out in the bay which is located south of the Liaodong Peninsula on the 10th of September 2005. After the flight, the raw data were processed and analyzed by the fluorescence-to-Raman ratio method with seawater attenuation coefficients calculated from signal profiles. The results of Chl-a concentration sea water were also compared with those of Chl-a concentration by measurements by lidar are shown. The measurements in clear a Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS）.     

General seismic wave and phase detection software driven by deep learning

We developed an automatic seismic wave and phase detection software based on PhaseNet, an efficient and highly generalized deep learning neural network for P- and S-wave phase picking. The software organically combines multiple modules including application terminal interface, docker container, data visualization, SSH protocol data transmission and other auxiliary modules. Characterized by a series of technologically powerful functions, the software is highly convenient for all users. To obtain the P- and S-wave picks, one only needs to prepare three-component seismic data as input and customize some parameters in the interface. In particular, the software can automatically identify complex waveforms (i.e. continuous or truncated waves) and support multiple types of input data such as SAC, MSEED, NumPy array, etc. A test on the dataset of the Wenchuan aftershocks shows the generalization ability and detection accuracy of the software. The software is expected to increase the efficiency and subjectivity in the manual processing of large amounts of seismic data, thereby providing convenience to regional network monitoring staffs and researchers in the study of Earth's interior.     

橄榄石的晶格优选定向、含水量与地震波各向异性:对大陆俯冲带变形环境的约束

橄榄石在不同热动力学条件下形成的晶格优选定向是认识上地幔塑性变形与地震波各向异性的基础.本文通过总结橄榄石的晶格优选定向、含水量与地震波各向异性的研究进展,探讨大陆俯冲带的变形环境.绝大部分天然变形橄榄岩中的橄榄石都发育了[100](010)组构[100]轴近平行于线理,(010)面平行或近平行于面理,使橄榄岩的最快P波速度近平行于线理,最大S波分裂平行面理并垂直线理.但来自超高压变质带的石榴石橄榄岩可发育[001](100)组构,使橄榄岩的最快P波速度和最小S渡分裂方向垂直面理.近年来的变形实验与理论计算表明超高压和低温是橄榄石组构从[100](010)向[001](100)转变的关键因素,而水对橄榄石流变行为的影响还有待进一步研究.对170个天然橄榄石结构水含量的统计结果表明橄榄石含水量变化很大(0～170×10-6H2O),玄武岩中橄榄岩包体的橄榄石比较贫水,而所有富水橄榄石均来自克拉通金伯利岩中的石榴石橄榄岩.因此,除了水在上地幔的不均匀分布,橄榄岩折返过程中氢的扩散会强烈影响橄榄石的含水量.苏鲁芝麻房橄榄岩提供了以超高压、低温、贫流体为特征的大陆俯冲带中[001](100)橄榄石组构的实例.在俯冲的大陆板片中,橄榄石组构在120～220 km从[100](010)向[001](100)的转变可导致地震波各向异性突然降低,而且最快P波速度垂直于俯冲方向.     

强震前地震非均匀度异常与前兆群体异常关系的研究

通过对比研究华北地区部分中强以上地震震前地震非均匀度异常与区域地震前兆观测群体异常的变化过程, 发现两者在地震前的异常时空演化过程中, 具有一定的关联性。 在时间上, 部分地震震前的地震非均匀度异常出现后, 半年左右前兆观测异常在数量上将出现一次较大幅度的增加; 在空间上, 前兆异常展布范围与地震非均匀度异常范围大体一致。 研究结果表明, 地震非均匀度(GL值)在强地震前出现的异常变化从震例的角度, 表明可能与局部应力场变化有关。 地震非均匀度和前兆群体异常的这种准同步变化, 可能对判定地震孕育进入中短期阶段具有一定的指示意义。     

Investigation of waste disposal areas using electrical methods: a case study from Chania,Crete, Greece

A geophysical investigation of a landfill area was conducted as inextricable phase of a preliminary geotechnical, geological and hydrogeological study of the area under investigation. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), one of the most promising prospecting techniques mainly concerning its effective contribution to resolve several environmental problems, was applied for the geophysical modeling. ERT is a robust imaging method the theory and implementation of which are well documented in geophysical research literature. The survey site is located in Akrotirion Peninsula, about 7 km east of Chania city in Crete I. The geological setting comprises Trypalion limestones, marly limestones and a clayed weathered layer. Cavities are also identified at various scales which are recent tectono-karstic voids. Due to the above-mentioned geological singularity and in the light of the requirement for an environmentally safe construction of the landfill, an ERT survey was carried out. Specifically, seven geoelectrical tomographies were conducted reaching the prospecting depth of 36 m. The resulted images conduced, to overcome geotechnical problems since the spatial distribution of karstic voids was determined, to plan the future sites for waste disposal as the geological conditions were studied in detail and to reliably estimate the thickness of the already deposited wastes. The resulted images were confirmed using available borehole logs and ambient noise measurements.     

板内地震复发间隔对断层长度的标度关系研究及应用探索

虽然关于一些重要参数值仍然存在显著的不确定性，地学家们一致认为断层分布遵从幂律标度关系。本文我们把这些标度关系和地震分布的幂律标度关系结合起来获得了区域板内地震复发间隔对断层长度的标度关系式，再对其进行局部校准进而得到某一具体小地方的地震危险估计方法。小断层（未跨越孕震层与断４层）的标度资料表明地震复发间隔和断层长度的负幂成比例变化。由于最近认识到了大震标度中参数的不确定性，对于大断层（跨越孕震层的断层），其地震复发间隔是和断层长度的负幂还是和正幂成比例变化的问题是不确定的，这个问题对地震危险估计是至关重要的。     

落石冲击混凝土板与缓冲层组合结构的动力响应

钢筋混凝土（RC）板与一定厚度的土颗粒缓冲层组合结构被广泛用于山区高位单体及群发性崩塌落石的防治,为研究此类防护结构在落石作用下的冲击力衰减规律及RC板的破坏模式,开展了室外系列落石冲击试验。结果表明,增大缓冲层厚度能够有效减小最大冲击力,峰值加速度随缓冲层厚度减小而增大,尤其在缓冲层厚度为0.1 m及0.2 m时,最大值急剧增大,峰值加速度与缓冲层厚度的变化满足指数函数关系;根据量纲分析原理得到缓冲层最大冲击深度与动能的平方成正比、与最大入射冲击力成反比的计算公式,且与实测值较吻合;入射冲击力在缓冲层内的衰减率随缓冲层厚度的增加以指数函数递增,在0.6 m缓冲层厚度下可使峰值冲击力衰减70%左右;随累积冲击能级的增大,RC板经历了弯曲起裂及扩展、次级弯曲裂纹和剪裂纹产生及跨中弯曲裂纹贯通的过程,试验结束时RC板整体表现出典型的弯曲破坏特征。     

山西断陷带上地幔顶部Pn波速度结构与各向异性成像

本研究拾取了中国数字测震台网固定台站记录的2008—2019年期间发生在山西断陷带及邻区2级以上天然地震事件及陕西神木、府谷等3级以上非天然地震事件共25304条高质量Pn到时数据,反演了山西断陷带及邻区上地幔顶部高分辨率Pn波速度结构与各向异性.研究结果显示,山西断陷带及邻区Pn波速度结构差异较大,大同火山及以南区域、忻定盆地、太行山造山带、华北盆地南部和吕梁山局部地区表现为显著的低波速异常,而运城盆地、临汾盆地北部、太原盆地、大同盆地北部、华北盆地北部和鄂尔多斯块体呈现明显的高波速异常.大同火山下方上地幔顶部的低波速异常与Pn快波方向呈现以火山为中心的近发散状结构特征,结合已有的远震上地幔成像结果,暗示大同火山岩浆可能来源于地幔深部,岩浆的底侵或热侵蚀作用造成了该地区岩石圈的破坏以及整个华北克拉通的"活化",这一推论符合克拉通的热-化学侵蚀破坏模型.山西断陷带上地幔顶部速度异常形态较好的对应了研究区的地质构造,Pn快波速方向与地质构造的展布方向和SKS波各向异性的特征基本一致,说明变形形式以简单剪切为主,表明其形成和演化过程与上地幔物质运移过程有密切关系.     

Application of diffracted wave analysis to time‐lapse seismic data for CO2 leakage detection

Time‐lapse seismic analysis is utilized in CO₂ geosequestration to verify the CO₂ containment within a reservoir. A major risk associated with geosequestration is a possible leakage of CO₂ from the storage formation into overlaying formations. To mitigate this risk, the deployment of carbon capture and storage projects requires fast and reliable detection of relatively small volumes of CO₂ outside the storage formation. To do this, it is necessary to predict typical seepage scenarios and improve subsurface seepage detection methods. In this work we present a technique for CO₂ monitoring based on the detection of diffracted waves in time‐lapse seismic data. In the case of CO₂ seepage, the migrating plume might form small secondary accumulations that would produce diffracted, rather than reflected waves. From time‐lapse data analysis, we are able to separate the diffracted waves from the predominant reflections in order to image the small CO₂ plumes. To explore possibilities to detect relatively small amounts of CO₂, we performed synthetic time‐lapse seismic modelling based on the Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies (CO2CRC) Otway project data. The detection method is based on defining the CO₂ location by measuring the coherency of the signal along diffraction offset‐traveltime curves. The technique is applied to a time‐lapse stacked section using a stacking velocity to construct offset‐traveltime curves. Given the amount of noise found in the surface seismic data, the predicted minimum detectable amount of CO₂ is 1000–2000 tonnes. This method was also applied to real data obtained from a time‐lapse seismic physical model. The use of diffractions rather than reflections for monitoring small amounts of CO₂ can enhance the capability of subsurface monitoring in CO₂ geosequestration projects.     

鲁南地区城市房屋震害预测

在文献调查和现场调查的基础上,对鲁南地震重点监视防御区内城市房屋建筑的抗震能力做了分析,给出了抗震救灾重要房屋的单体预测结果、现有房屋的群体预测结果,并对房屋破坏造成的直接经济损失、人员伤亡进行了预测。文中指出了现有房屋的抗震薄弱环节,为该地区采取防震减灾对策提供了依据。