塔里木盆地寒武—奥陶系主要白云岩类型及孔隙发育特征

塔里木盆地寒武系和下奥陶统白云岩广泛发育,岩石类型复杂多样。按照结构和特殊构造两大分类依据,文中将研究区白云岩归为6大类,即泥-粉晶白云岩(又按含膏与否进一步分为含膏泥-粉晶白云岩和不含膏泥-粉晶白云岩)、粉-细晶白云岩、中-粗晶白云岩、斑状白云岩、藻纹层白云岩和膏溶角砾白云岩。每类白云岩都可以其独具特色的晶体结构和/或沉积构造与其他类型相区分。在这些白云岩中发育的孔隙类型主要有6种,即窗格孔、铸模孔、晶间孔、溶孔、角砾孔及砾间溶孔和缝合线孔,其中除窗格孔为原生孔隙外,其余均属次生孔隙。就其储集意义而言,以溶孔和晶间孔最为重要,次为角砾孔及砾间溶孔,而铸模孔和窗格孔的储集意义相对次要。缝合线孔的意义主要有二:一是可改善储集岩的渗透性,二是与斑状白云岩配合还可能构成有效储集岩。     

天山北坡高山林线分布的生态地理特征

综合利用多源遥感影像和实地勘察资料识别天山北坡高山林线分布格局,结合区域气象数据和土壤理化性质,分析天山北坡林线分布的生态地理特征。结果表明:①天山北坡林线分布高度大约在2 600～2 850 m,从西向东林线分布高度呈上升趋势,奇台至巴里坤段林线高度上升最为显著;伊犁河谷段与玛纳斯段林线垂直宽度较宽。②影响天山北坡林线分布高度的关键气候因子为生长季温度（如年生物学温度3.35 ℃,最热月均温10.49 ℃,生长季均温8.26 ℃）,特别是年生物学温度,能较好的指示天山北坡高山林线分布位置,且各气候指标均在全国均值范围之内,而影响巴音布鲁克地区森林发育的主要原因为冬季低温干旱。③伊犁林线过渡带和玛纳斯林线过渡带有机质、全氮及全磷的含量最高;酸碱性大致以阜康林线为界,向西呈酸性,向东呈碱性;土壤营养物质主要分布于表层（0～10 cm）,深层(30～80 cm)含量低且变化不显著,具有明显的“表聚现象”;下层土壤pH值从西向东逐渐由弱酸性向弱碱性过渡;电导率空间变异性较强,各层变化特征不显著。     

Variation in Water Masses on Shelf of Northern Bering Sea in September 2016-2018

Abstract

Based on hydrological data obtained during the 7th to 9th Chinese National Arctic Research Expeditions in the summers of 2016–2018, the main water structure on the shelf of the northern Bering Sea and the volume and heat fluxes of the Bering Strait throughflow were analyzed. Distinct variability was identified in the three Pacific water masses feeding the strait - Anadyr Water (AW), Bering Shelf Water (BSW) and Alaskan coastal water (ACW). Overall, the temperature and salinity of the entire section increased each year, with 2018 showing significant anomalies, i.e., a temperature anomaly of up to 1?°C and a maximum salinity anomaly of 2. From 2016 to 2018, the extent of the ACW gradually narrowed in the eastern part of this section, while the AW expanded eastward each year. The net volume transport through each of the three sections increased poleward from 1.65?Sv to 2.76?Sv, with the AW increasing from 0?Sv to 1.03?Sv, the BSW varying between 0.52–1.65?Sv, and the ACW gradually decreasing from 1.04?Sv to disappearing completely. The net heat fluxes were also poleward, varying between 25.77 TW and 61.50 TW, and showing a significant increase. Significant variations in magnitude and extent were observed in each water mass of the Bering Strait throughflow, which could produce widespread effects in the Arctic Ocean and the global ocean beyond.     

塔里木盆地西部吐木休克断裂带的主要特征和构造演化

塔里木盆地西部的吐木休克断裂带是中央隆起(前身是晋宁期碰撞造山带)的次级单元巴楚断隆与北部坳陷的次级单元阿瓦提凹陷之间的分界。本文以大量的地质和地球物理证据,证明它是一条内部结构复杂且切穿地壳的深断裂。结合区域构造演化恢复了断裂发育史,指出它经历过三期重大的冲断活动,分别发生在加里东期、海西期和新近纪。新近纪的冲断与巴楚断隆的南界断裂带有相同的构造样式,可分为两幕:中新世的冲断受制于南天山前陆冲断带的向南扩展,更新世的冲断主要受制于西昆仑前陆冲断带的向北扩展。吐木休克断裂带的东西走向段和北西走向段的构造特征尚有若干差异,前者在加里东期活动较强,反映了构造的继承性;北西走向段则是加里东期出现的新生构造,在海西期进一步发展,更新世时因被卷入西昆仑的前陆冲断作用,表现出强烈而复杂的变形。     

鄱阳盆地构造—沉积特征及其演化史

 鄱阳盆地是发育在江南—九岭和怀玉—官帽基底拆离造山带上的白垩-古近纪张扭性断陷盆地,明显受近南北走向的赣江走滑断裂系和前白垩系逆冲断裂系晚期反转的双重因素控制,呈“两坳夹一隆”的区域构造格局。受赣江、进贤—石门街走滑断裂夹持的南昌凹陷,呈近南北向凹凸相间展布格局。进贤—石门街走滑断裂以东地区,“南断北超”型断陷自南而北由北东走向渐转为北北东向展布,其源于晚印支-燕山期北东向逆冲断裂在晚期的反转作用,西缘和北部受赣江断裂系东枝走滑断裂影响明显而发生转向。鄱阳盆地经历了早白垩世晚期(冷水坞组沉积期)拉分盆地、晚白垩世早-中期(周家店组—南雄组沉积早期)走滑张扭断(坳)陷盆地、晚白垩世晚期(南雄组沉积中-晚期)走滑伸展盆地和古近纪坳陷盆地等演化阶段,东南部断陷区(江埠—二甲村凹陷)由于喜马拉雅期的隆升剥蚀而只残存周家店组早期坳陷和周家店组中期—南雄组中期断陷两个发育阶段的沉积。     

Radiative Heat Transfer and Hydrostatic Stability in Nocturnal Fog

We have performed a one-dimensional and transient radiative heat transfer analysis in order to investigate interaction between atmospheric radiation and convective instability within a nocturnal fog. The radiation element method using the Ray Emission Model (REM²), which is a generalized numerical method, in conjunction with a line-by-line (LBL) method, is employed to attain high spectral resolution calculations for anisotropically scattering fog. The results show that the convective instability has a strong dependence on radiative properties of the fog. For the condition of a 20-m droplet diameter and liquid water content of 0.1 × 10^–3 kg m^–3;, the temperature profile within the fog becomes S shaped, and a convective instability layer forms in the middle or lower level of the fog. However, for the same water content and a 40-m diameter droplet, no strong convective instability layer forms, whereas for a 10-m diameter droplet a strong convective instability is observed.     

Rheological Properties and Incipient Motion of Cohesive Sediment in the Haihe Estuary of China

The Haihe cohesive sediment, which is typical in China, is studied systematically for its basic physical and incipientmotion properties. Following the requirements of dredging works in the Haihe Estuary, cohesive sediment samples weretaken from three locations. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the rheological properties of these sam-ples and to examine the incipient motion of the cohesive sediment. It is found that the cohesive sediment has an obviousyield stress τb, which increases with the mud density in a manner of an exponential function, and so does the viscosityparameter η. The cohesive sediment behaves like a Bingham fluid when its density is below 1.38 ～ 1.40 g/cm3, andwhen denser than these values, it may become a power-law fluid. The incipient motion experiment also revealed that theincipient velocity of the cohesive sediment increases with the density in an exponential manner. Therefore, the incipientmotion is primarily related to the density, which is different from the case for non-cohesive sediment in which the incipi-ent motion is correlated with the diameter of sand particles instead. The incipient motion occurs in two different ways de-pending on the concentration of mud in the bottom. For sufficiently fine particles and a concentration lower than1.20 g/cm3, the cohesive sediment appears as fluidized mud, and the incipient motion is in the form of instability of aninternal wave. For a higher concentration, the cohesive sediment appears as general quasi-solid-mud, and the incipientmotion can be described by a series of extended Shields curves each with a different porosity for newly deposited alluvial mud.     

高原湖相泥炭土渗透特性研究及机制分析

为明确高原湖相泥炭土渗透特性并建立渗透模型,采用固结-渗透联合试验装置对取自6个场地20余组土样天然状态及一维压缩过程中渗透系数进行测定,并分析了加载时长、应力水平以及烧失量、残余纤维含量等因素对其渗透性的影响。试验结果表明：分别加载条件下,泥炭土渗透系数 随加载时长T增大而减小并趋于稳定,稳定时长在10 d左右;分级加载条件下, 随固结应力 的增大呈非线性减小, - 关系曲线为反S型;高原湖相泥炭土渗透模型可用e- 表示,其渗透指数 与初始孔隙比 满足关系式 0.25 ;初始渗透系数 和烧失量 、残余纤维含量 及 关系较为离散, 和 、 及初始含水率 有一定的正相关性。通过电镜扫描试验,从土中孔隙特征角度探讨了高原湖相泥炭土渗透特性的机制。     

矿物组分对龙马溪组页岩动、静态弹性特征的影响

龙马溪组页岩是目前国内页岩气勘探的主要层位之一,其静态弹性性质是影响压裂效果的重要因素,而动态弹性性质则是页岩"甜点"地震预测的重要基础.但对龙马溪组页岩动、静态弹性特征相互关系及其影响因素缺少对比研究,致使运用动态弹性性质进行"甜点"预测时存在不确定性.在对龙马溪组页岩样品系统动、静态性质联合测量基础上,分析了页岩样品动、静态弹性性质的变化规律,并讨论了成岩作用与动、静态弹性性质变化规律的因果关系.研究结果表明,龙马溪组页岩上下两段成岩过程存在明显差异,致使上段页岩在结构上表现为以塑性黏土颗粒作为受力骨架,而下段页岩在结构上逐渐转变为脆性石英颗粒作为受力骨架.页岩岩石结构特征的变化控制了动、静态弹性特征的整体变化规律,表现为动、静态杨氏模量、峰值强度等随石英含量的增大表现出近似"V"型的变化形式,而与钙质含量变化呈现正相关关系,与黏土含量变化表现出负相关性.上段页岩宏观力学性质受微观石英+黏土颗粒集合体弹性性质控制,应力应变曲线表现出明显塑性段,动、静态杨氏模量比大于1.4,破裂易于发生在黏土与石英颗粒边界形成宏观单剪型破裂模式,样品脆性低,且脆性变化不受石英含量的影响.下段页岩宏观力学性质受微观石英颗粒集合体弹性性质控制,应力应变曲线表现为弹性变形,动、静态杨氏模量比小于1.4,破裂发生在石英颗粒内部形成宏观劈裂型破裂模式,样品脆性高,且脆性变化与石英含量呈明显正相关关系.研究结果可为龙马溪页气储层的测井解释和地震"甜点"预测提供依据.     

不同岩性火山岩力学性质实验研究

黄沙坨地区位于辽河断陷盆地东部凹陷中段,古近纪沙河街组第三段沉积时期发育了巨厚的火山岩,为该区形成火山岩油气藏奠定了成藏条件。由于油层岩石的力学性质,影响着油田生产,因此,经过实验室对不同岩性的火山岩力学性质的试验测试,得到油田生产所需的相关的力学参数及相关的地质信息,为油田勘探、开发及相关的工程设计发挥重要作用。试验结果表明,粗面岩以张性破裂为主,玄武岩以剪切破裂为主。这对油田研究水力压裂裂缝形态及储层天然裂缝形态提供了重要的地质依据。软化系数的较大波动,表现出地下流体对油层岩石的环境作用。