冈底斯斑岩铜矿带冲江铜矿含矿流体的形成和演化：来自流体包裹体的证据

对冲江斑岩铜矿含矿斑岩中石英斑晶和含矿石英脉中包裹体进行岩相学、显微测温分析、包裹体中气液相成分的激光拉曼显微探针（LRM）分析和子矿物的扫描电镜/能谱（SEM/EDS）分析.研究表明含矿流体来自富含挥发分的岩浆的出溶作用,最初从岩浆中出溶的流体为近饱和的超临界流体,其最低捕获温度在362～389℃左右,盐度在17.7%～18.9%NaCleq左右.随着出溶流体温度压力的下降,超临界流体发生相分离,并分离出低盐度的气相和高盐度的液相.在石英绢云母化阶段进一步发生高盐度液相包裹体的沸腾作用,形成子矿物溶化温度高于气液相均一温度的高盐度包裹体和富气相包裹体.与粘土化有关的流体为流体演化的晚期产物,属低温、低盐度流体.     

沉积盆地成岩作用系统及其时空属性

含油气盆地的勘探开发对认识沉积成岩作用和储层发育规律提出了很高的要求。然而,迄今为止沉积学家和石油工程师还很难如认识沉积过程及其结构那样认识盆地尺度或宏观尺度上成岩作用的时空分带。为此,本文探讨了成岩作用类型的时空属性和主控因素等理论问题,提出了成岩系统分级(类)的有关准则,试图以此探索成岩作用时空分布与演变研究的新思路。结合中国东、西部有关中-新生代沉积盆地实例分析,阐述了盆地域(尺度)、层序域、亚层序域、层内域等成岩作用系统的客观存在,并对盆地域、层序域成岩作用系统动力学研究的思路和方法作了进一步阐释。在盆地尺度上成岩作用的时空分布主要与盆地大地构造位置及其控制的温压场、物源、剥蚀-搬运气候背景、埋藏历史、水文体制叠置方式密切关联;层序域成岩作用系统的时空分异则主要取决于埋藏深度、层序结构与宏观物理-化学障、沉积体系(配置)、水文体制。研究认为,成岩系统的层次分析是认识不同类型沉积盆地成岩结构的重要基础,而对于确定的盆地类型而言,盆地尺度水文体制与流体-岩石相互作用研究是解析成岩作用时空属性的关键。成岩系统研究目前还面临许多关键问题亟待解决,如成岩系统及其边界条件的划分:成岩作用系统关键要素及其制约机制的厘定;盆地尺度上精细构造演化和温压历史恢复;盆地流体属性和活动期次的准确鉴别;盆地尺度上成岩作用数值模拟和动力学过程研究。     

江苏扬中长江漫滩沉积物重金属垂向分布特征及其背景值确定方法

对扬中长江漫滩柱状沉积物Cd、Pb、Cu、N i、Cr、Zn重金属垂向变化特征分析,表层20 cm以上,重金属含量普遍较高,表明了人类活动对长江重金属输入量呈现日益增加的趋势。通过重金属与Fe元素作线性回归方程,求得重金属的背景含量。相比而言,表层沉积物重金属含量反映了长江滩涂沉积物已经呈现明显的污染趋势。     

西藏西部昂拉仁错地区下白垩统岩石地层特征及空间变化规律

将西藏昂拉仁错地区下白垩统划分为则弄群、多尼组、郎山组和捷嘎组4个正式岩石地层单位。讨论了各组段的空间分布、岩石组合特征、沉积环境及横向变化规律。认为多尼组仅分布于班戈-八宿地层分区的东部,在改则厚齿玛里以西相变尖灭,与则弄群二段既有上下层位关系又呈横向相变关系。郎山组为只见于昂拉仁错北部班戈-八宿地层分区内的一套稳定碳酸盐台地相沉积,而捷嘎组为只见于昂拉仁错中南部措勤-申扎地层分区内的较活动的火山活动碳酸盐台地相沉积。郎山组与捷嘎组为同时异相关系。     

若尔盖-松潘前陆盆地的沉积与构造特点

若尔盖-松潘盆地中、上三叠统沉积剖面研究表明以陆相沉积为主,只在东北部青山峪有浅海相碳酸盐岩沉积。盆地北部出现河流、浅湖相沉积,中部以浅湖相沉积为主,局部出现深湖相沉积,南部主要为深湖相沉积。中、上三叠统地层的变形构造以冲褶席(duplex)构造为特点,表现出从北向南应变强度减弱。深部构造反映了盆地位于扬子板块大陆壳基底之上,叠覆在扬子板块北缘的前陆褶皱冲断带上。大地构造位置、沉积相与构造特点,共同说明若尔盖-松潘盆地是三叠纪碰撞造山作用时期扬子板块北部北缘的前陆盆地。     

Nine unusually large tsunami deposits from the past 4000 years at Kiritappu marsh along the southern Kuril Trench

Large earthquakes along the Kuril subduction zone in northern Japan are known to have caused damaging tsunami, although there is a little information on historical earthquakes and tsunami in this area because no documents exist before the 19th century that might refer to tsunami events. To determine the likely timing and size of future events we need information on their recurrence intervals and to do this for the prehistoric past we have investigated sediments located in the Kiritappu marsh in eastern Hokaido that we interpret as laid down by tsunami. Using reliable multiple lines of evidence from sedimentological, geomorphological, micropaleontological, and chronological results, we identify 13 tsunami sands. Two of these lie within a peat bed above a historical tephra, Ta-a (AD 1739); the upper one probably corresponds to the AD 1843 Tempo Tokachi-oki earthquake (M 8.2) tsunami, and the lower to either the AD 1952 Tokachi-oki earthquake (M 8.2) tsunami or the AD 1960 Chilean earthquake (M 9.5) tsunami. Underlying are 11 prehistoric tsunami sand beds (nine large sand beds and two smaller sand beds) deposited during the past 4000 years. Because of the wide spatial distribution of the large sand beds, and inundation distances inland of between 1200 to 3000 m, we suggest that they record unusually large tsunamis along the Kuril subduction zone. According to our analyses, these tsunami sands were derived from the coastal area and, although they do not show clear graded bedding, they commonly have gradational upper boundaries and erosional bases and include internal sedimentary structures such as plane beds, dunes, and current ripples, reflecting bedload transportation. Based on our results we calculate the recurrence interval of unusually large earthquakes (probably M 8.6) along the Kuril subduction zone as about 365–553 years and estimate the youngest large event to have occurred in the 17th century.     

江苏南通市地下水主采层水位动态区域演变特征

南通市地下水主采层Ⅲ承压水为赋存于第四系地层中的松散岩类孔隙水,已成为区内广大乡镇水厂的主要供水水源,全区性开采。1998年完成的《南通市地下水资源评价报告(1∶10万)》,为水资源主管部门地下水规划管理的依据。以1997年为基准对比年,阐述1997年以来区内地下水主采层水位动态的演变特征,为加强地下水资源的规划管理,保护地质环境提供一定的依据。     

Chronostratigraphy of a sediment record from the Hajar mountain range in north Oman: Implications for optical dating of insufficiently bleached sediments

In this study we report on optical stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages of quartz extracted from a sedimentary record in the N-Oman mountain range. Equivalent dose (D_E) distributions derived from single aliquot measurements (SAR) of small aliquots (ca. 200 grains) were investigated to test whether the skewness and broadness of the dose distribution can be used as criteria for the identification of insufficient bleaching. Furthermore, the methods proposed by Lepper and McKeever [2002 An objective methodology for dose distribution analysis. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 101 (1–4), 349-352]. Singhvi [Juyal, N., Chamyal, L.S., Bhandari, S., Bushan, R., Singhvi, A.K., in press. Continental record of the southwest monsoon during the last 130 ka: evidence from the southern margin of the Thar Desert, India. Quaternary Science Review] and Fuchs and Lang [2001 Fuchs, M., Lang, A., 2001. OSL dating of coarse-grain fluvial quartz using single-aliquot protocols on sediments from NE Peloponnese, Greece. Quaternary Science Review 20, 783–787.] to derive D_E's from insufficiently bleached sediments were compared. At first, the investigations were carried out on artificially bleached, irradiated and mixed quartz material from the Oman study area to simulate insufficiently bleached sediments. Then, the various statistical methods for identifying insufficient bleaching and D_E derivation were applied to the natural samples from the study area, where 18 samples were measured. For the identification of insufficient bleaching the preferential parameter is the broadness of a distribution. For D_E calculation, both the Singhvi method and the Fuchs and Lang method produce similar results, which are consistent with the stratigraphic order. A drawback of both methods is their sensitivity to low outliers. The Lepper and McKeever method was not applied to the natural samples, due to limitations in its application to a small number of aliquots and due to the ambiguous identification of the rising limb of the dose distributions.     

The sinking of Mexico City: Its effects on soil properties and seismic response

Extensive pumping to extract water from Mexico City's subsoil has caused regional sinking. Water pumping produces regional consolidation which increases effective stresses acting on the subsoil modifying its static and dynamic properties. As the soil properties change, so does their dynamic response. Approximate expressions to estimate the future changes in soil properties are proposed. Also, this paper puts forth new evidence to illustrate these changes and presents estimates of future settlements in central Mexico City, using a soil consolidation model that overcomes some of the limitations of Terzaghi's theory. Results of an analysis to estimate the effects of the evolution of the subsoil's dynamic properties are illustrated by means of seismic analyses performed on a couple of sites in an old lake bed in Mexico City.     

运用图型动力学观点研究地震的孕育与发生

从细观损伤力学及损伤演化的角度探索地震活动中的演化诱致发震是一种全新的方法.本文简要介绍了细观损伤演化诱致突变理论和图型动力学的基本原理,并对首都圈地区张家口-渤海地震带上ML 5.0以上地震进行分析研究.结果表明,实际震例与图型动力学理论存在较好的一致性,按演化的最终状态可分为两种演化模式,即整体稳定模式(GS模)和演化诱致突变模式(EIC模),两模式间没有明显界限,存在过渡区,过渡区明确给出了地震孕育过程的不确定性和随机影响的作用.此研究为地震预报提供了更为科学的思路和方法.