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331.
基于长江流域148个气象站1980—2017年的蒸发皿观测数据,将旋转经验正交函数(REOF)和模糊C均值聚类(FCM)相结合,对流域蒸发皿蒸发量(PE)进行分区,然后运用Modified Mann-Kendall检验和多元逐步回归等方法,分析各子区域PE的变化特征并识别其主要影响因子。结果表明:1) REOF的前4个空间模态显示流域PE存在5个主要的异常敏感区,基于这4个空间模态,流域PE在空间上可划分为9个子区域。2)在年尺度上,各区PE呈不同程度的增加趋势,其中中部盆地区上升速率最大(111.28 mm/10 a),西部高原区上升速率最小(12.5 mm/10 a);而在季节尺度上,秋、冬季流域PE呈显著上升趋势,春、夏季PE的变化具有明显的区域差异性,部分地区PE为下降趋势。3)影响PE变化的主要因子因地而异,但大多子区域的PE变化与平均气温和饱和水汽压差的变化显著相关。 相似文献
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333.
海岸线演变及其动态监测对沿海地区生态保护和可持续发展至关重要。受自然过程和人类活动的影响,黄河三角洲海岸线始终处于动态变化之中。本文基于1996-2020年黄河口Landsat系列卫星影像,利用数字岸线分析系统(DSAS),探讨了近25年来黄河口海岸线动态演变规律及其对黄河输沙量变化的响应关系。研究发现:现行河口地区海岸线平均向海淤进速率为260 m/a,老河口岸线平均变化速率为-167 m/a。调水调沙前,河口岸线整体处于蚀退阶段;调水调沙后,现行河口岸线初期快速淤进,后速率逐渐减缓,老河口始终处于蚀退状态。年内尺度上,现行河口岸线在调水调沙年份汛期前后淤进明显,非调水调沙年份汛期前后淤进缓慢,老河口岸线变化基本与年际变化一致。调水调沙前后,黄河入海泥沙量对岸线演变的影响程度加大,在年内尺度上对汛期前后现行河口岸线变化作用显著(R2=0.93)。 相似文献
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336.
以澜沧江跨境径流量观测数据、NCEP/NCAR的U场、V场和NOAA的OLR场资料为基础,应用统计分析方法,研究了纵向岭谷作用下的夏季澜沧江跨境径流量变化与夏季风的关系。结果表明:澜沧江夏季跨境径流量变化在20世纪60年代中期至80年代末期为显著减少时段,而从90年代初期以来则表现出了一种显著增多的演变趋势;夏季澜沧江跨境径流量变化与较低层东西风分量变化的相关性不显著,与较高层东西风分量变化的相关性显著;夏季澜沧江跨境径流量变化与中低层和较高层南北风分量变化的相关性都是显著的,与OLR场变化的负相关性也是显著的;根据这些相关性特征建立的影响澜沧江夏季跨境径流量变化的夏季风环流指数能够较好地反映出澜沧江夏季跨境径流量变化的基本特征和规律。 相似文献
337.
Alluviation and sedimentation of the Yellow River are important factors influencing the surface soil structure and organic carbon content in its lower reaches. Selecting Kaifeng and Zhoukou as typical cases of the Yellow River flooding area, the field survey, soil sample collection, laboratory experiment and Geographic Information System(GIS) spatial analysis methods were applied to study the spatial distribution characteristics and change mechanism of organic carbon components at different soil depths. The results revealed that the soil total organic carbon(TOC), active organic carbon(AOC) and nonactive organic carbon(NOC) contents ranged from 0.05–30.03 g/kg, 0.01–8.86 g/kg and 0.02–23.36 g/kg, respectively. The TOC, AOC and NOC contents in the surface soil layer were obviously higher than those in the lower soil layer, and the sequence of the content and change range within a single layer was TOCNOCAOC. Geostatistical analysis indicated that the TOC, AOC and NOC contents were commonly influenced by structural and random factors, and the influence magnitudes of these two factors were similar. The overall spatial trends of TOC, AOC and NOC remained relatively consistent from the 0–20 cm layer to the 20–100 cm layer, and the transition between high-and low-value areas was obvious, while the spatial variance was high. The AOC and NOC contents and spatial distribution better reflected TOC spatial variation and carbon accumulation areas. The distribution and depth of the sediment, agricultural land-use type, cropping system, fertilization method, tillage process and cultivation history were the main factors impacting the spatial variation in the soil organic carbon(SOC) components. Therefore, increasing the organic matter content, straw return, applying organic manure, adding exogenous particulate matter and conservation tillage are effective measures to improve the soil quality and attain sustainable agricultural development in the alluvial/sedimentary zone of the Yellow River. 相似文献
338.
This paper is concerned with the diffraction of water waves by offshore structures, with the ultimate aim of proposing tools for guiding airgap design. The diffraction of monochromatic waves by an array of four bottom mounted cylinders and a gravity-based structure is studied in detail using linear and second order theory. The phenomenon of near-trapping is investigated, allowing guidelines for airgap design to be established. When contemplating airgap design, however, it is crucially important that consideration is given to the largest waves in a sea state. Therefore, in this study a design wave, called NewWave, is proposed as a realistic model for large ocean waves and is used as the incident wave field in the wave-structure diffraction analysis. 相似文献
339.
Wind impact on pollutant transport in a shallow estuary 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
A three-dimensional numerical model, EFDC ( environmental fluid dynamics code) is applied to the Pamlico River Estuary (PRE) in eastern North Carolina of the United States to examine the wind impact on pollutant age distributions and residence time. A series of model experiments representing base case, remote-wind-induced water level set-up and local winds cases are conducted. Model results indicate that the pollutant mean age and the system residence time are functions of gravitational circulation in the PRE. The system responses to remote-wind-induced water level set-up are different in different portions of the PRE. Under such condition, dissolved substances in the upstream portion of the PRE have a younger age and shorter residence time (compared with the base case) , by contrast, they have a older age and longer residence time in the downstream portion of the PRE. Upriver and downriver local winds appear to have opposite impacts on pollutant age distributions. The substances are retained much longer within the PRE under upriver wind than those under downriver wind. The model results also suggest that across - river winds may lead to longer residence time through enhanced turbulence mixing, which slows down the gravitational circulation in the PRE. 相似文献
340.
An integrated mass balance and modelling approach for analysis of estuarine nutrient fluxes is demonstrated in the Swan River Estuary, a microtidal system with strong hydrological dependence on seasonal river inflows. Mass balance components included estimation of gauged and ungauged inputs to the estuary and losses to the ocean (outflow and tidal exchange). Modelling components included estimation of atmospheric (N fixation, denitrification) and sediment–water column nutrient exchanges. Gross and net denitrification derived using two independent methods were significantly correlated (r2 = 0.49, p < 0.01) with net rates averaging 40% of gross. Annual nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loads from major tributaries were linearly correlated with annual freshwater discharge and were 3-fold higher in wet years than in dry years. Urban drains and groundwater contributed, on average, 26% of N inputs and 19% of P inputs, with higher relative contributions in years of low river discharge. Overall, ungauged inputs accounted for almost 35% of total nitrogen loads. For N, elevated loading in wet years was accompanied by large increases in outflow (7x) and tidal flushing (2x) losses and resulted in overall lower retention efficiency (31%) relative to dry years (70%). For P, tidal flushing losses were similar in wet and dry years, while outflow losses (4-fold higher) were comparable in magnitude to increases in loading. As a result, P retention within the estuary was not substantially affected by inter-annual variation in water and P loading (ca. 50% in all years). Sediment nutrient stores increased in most years (remineralisation efficiency ca. 50%), but sediment nutrient releases were significant and in some circumstances were a net source of nutrients to the water column. 相似文献