Seasonal variations of wind and waves over Taiwan waters

We here investigate the frequency and intensity of oscillations in oceanographic data within intraseasonal time scales using spectral analysis of surface wind and wave time-series data collected at off-island weather stations or moored buoys around Taiwan. Data from marine weather stations were used to trace atmospheric conditions, while we used buoy data to examine sea states. The spectra and wavelet scalogram of the wind fields revealed oscillations with a period of around 20–33 days, and the energy density of the wind field at the off-island stations was stronger than that at the data buoy stations. However, the wavelet scalogram of the wave height measured at the buoy stations was stronger than its associated wind field. This long-period oscillation is consistent with the wavelet scalogram of the wind field calculated from the off-island weather stations. About 20–33 day oscillations exist within intraseasonal variations, which are closely linked to the atmospheric environment and to wind and ocean wave fields. Oscillations with a period of 5–10 days are a pronounced feature over northeastern Taiwan waters during the winter season and can be interpreted as the wave pattern following synoptic weather systems.     

舟山渔场及其邻近海域水团的气候学分析

根据多年(1958—1990)月平均温、盐度资料，采用模糊聚类分析法划分了舟山渔场及其邻近海域的水团，并对该海域水团的配置、主要特性及其季节变异特征进行了气候学分析。结果表明，舟山渔场及其邻近海域共存在4个水团，即江浙沿岸水、台湾暖流表层水、台湾暖流深层水和黄海混合水；全年水团的配置可归纳为冬季型、夏季型和过渡型3种类型；江浙沿岸水的主要特征为低盐，其分布范围和盐度的季节变化与长江入海径流密切相关，而温度的季节变化则主要受太阳辐射的影响；台湾暖流表层水具有高温、次高盐特征，其北伸程度和温、盐特性均具有明显的季节变化，即冬季北伸强、温度低、盐度高，夏季北伸弱、温度高、盐度低；台湾暖流深层水以低温、高盐为主要特征，仅存在于4—9月，其温、盐性质较稳定；黄海混合水的主体不在研究海域。     

1976-2017年乌鲁木齐市升温对季节的影响

本文采用乌鲁木齐市国家基准气象站463站的逐日平均、逐日最低和逐日最高气温资料,分析了乌鲁木齐市1976-2017年气温变化趋势和对四季的影响。结果表明：乌市气温有明显上升的趋势,年平均气温的线性增温速率为0.50℃/10a,1997年出现了最暖年,1976年以来最暖的10 a均出现在20世纪末至今;年平均最低气温升温趋势最为明显,倾向率为0.77℃/10a,上升速率约是年平均最高气温的2.5倍;气温上升导致春季和夏季的开始日期提前明显、秋季和冬季开始日期有推后的趋势,使得夏季明显延长,延长率为5.9d/10a,近42a来共增加25d,其他季节则有不同程度的缩短,其中冬季缩短最为明显,缩短率为-3.6d/10a,近42a来共缩短了15d;各季节开始日期不仅与年平均气温相关性很好,且开春期、入夏期分别与3月和6月平均气温显著负相关;入秋期与入冬期分别与9月和11月气温呈显著正相关;夏季和冬季的长度也与年平均气温显著相关,当年平均气温每上升1℃时,夏季将延长6d,而冬季则会缩短7 d。     

中国近20 a卫星遥感土壤湿度的季节变化及其验证

分析了欧洲空间局最近基于多颗卫星微波资料研发的ECV土壤湿度产品的季节性干湿变化,并与国家气象局提供的站点资料做了对比验证。研究发现:主动与被动遥感土壤湿度的干湿季节变化在中国东部季风区有显著的不一致性。在中国东部季风区,被动遥感土壤湿度的干湿季变化和站点观测一致,均表现出夏季是干季、冬季是湿季的特征;而主动遥感的数据则存在较大的空间差异,华北地区与被动遥感数据较为一致,华南地区则呈现夏季为湿季、冬季为干季的反位相特征。两者的不一致性说明,针对欧洲空间局开发ECV土壤湿度产品的过程,融合主动遥感和被动遥感资料,研制长序列土壤湿度产品的思路在中国东部季风区不可行。     

1960-2009年武汉城区与郊区气候季节变化

利用1960-2009年武汉城区与郊区气象站逐日平均气温资料,采用相同气候季节划分方法,系统分析武汉城区与郊区气候季节起始时间、季节长度的变化趋势及其差异。结果表明：1980-2009年,武汉城区入春、入夏时间比郊区分别提前10 d和5 d,入秋、入冬时间城区比郊区推迟;武汉夏季长度城区比郊区长12 d,冬季、春季长度城区比郊区短6 d和5 d。1960-2009年武汉四季平均起始时间城区与郊区差别较小,但四季最早、最晚出现时间年际差别较大;武汉入春、入夏时间城区与郊区均提前,入秋、入冬时间均推后,但城区四季变化较显著,郊区仅入秋变化显著;武汉城区夏季长度呈极显著延长,冬季长度呈较显著缩短,城区春季、秋季及郊区四季长度变化均不显著。2000-2009年武汉城区与郊区季节起始时间和季节长度的变化较大,这是因为近10 a武汉作为中部地区崛起的支点,城区发展迅速。     

The 8.2 ka event: Evidence for seasonal differences and the rate of climate change in western Europe

Recent studies have drawn attention to differences in the seasonal impact of the 8.2 ka event, with longer cooler summers and shorter cooler/drier winters. However, there are no data available on the simultaneity or the rate of onset of the seasonal changes in Europe. Based on the microfacies and geochemical analyses of seasonally laminated varved sediments from Holzmaar, we present evidence of differences in duration and onset time of changes in summer temperature and winter rainfall during the 8.2 ka event. Since both summer and winter climate signals are co-registered within a single varve, there can be no ambiguity about the phasing and duration of the signals. Our data show that the onset and withdrawal of the 8.2 ka summer cooling occurred within a year, and that summer rains were reduced or absent during the investigated period. The onset of cooler summers preceded the onset of winter dryness by ca. 28 years. In view of the differences in nature and duration of the impact of the 8.2 ka event we suggest that a clearer definition of the 8.2 ka event (summer cooling or winter cooling/dryness) needs to be developed. Based on regional comparison and available modelling studies we also discuss the roles of solar variability, changes in North Atlantic Thermohaline circulation, and North Atlantic Circulation (NAO) during the period under consideration. Wavelet analyses of seasonal laminae indicates that the longer NAO cycles, linked to changes in the N. Atlantic temperatures, were more frequent during the drier periods.     

Elemental composition of PM2.5 and PM10 at Mount Gongga in China during 2006

In order to investigate the chemical characteristics of atmospheric aerosols in a regional background site, PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were collected at Mount Gongga Station once a week in 2006. The concentrations of fifteen elements including Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, V, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Ag, Ba, Tl, and Pb were detected by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). The results showed that Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Fe were the major components of elements detected in PM_2.5 and PM₁₀, occupied 89.5% and 91.3% of all the elements. Crustal enrichment factor (EF) calculation indicated that several anthropogenic heavy metals (Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Ag, Tl, Pb) were transported long distances atmospherically. The concentrations of all elements (except Na) measured in PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ in spring and winter were higher than those in summer and autumn. The backward air mass trajectory analysis suggests that northeast India may be the source region of those pollutants.     

季节性冻结高寒泥炭湿地非生长季甲烷排放特征初探

高寒泥炭湿地是重要的大气甲烷(CH_4)排放源。由于高寒湿地非生长季的气候条件极其恶劣,过去的原位观测研究大多集中在生长季,致使迄今仍对季节性冻土区高寒泥炭湿地的非生长季CH_4排放缺乏充分认识。以地处青藏高原东北部的若尔盖地区典型湿地为例,采用静态暗箱—气相色谱人工观测方法,开展了跨越冬、春季和初夏季连续9个月的原位观测研究,试图了解该湿地的非生长季CH_4排放特征及其相对重要性。结果与初步结论如下:(1)整个观测期间上午09:00(北京时间,下同)至11:00时段在6个空间重复位置的CH_4通量平均值介于0.1~1.0 mg C m~(-2) h~(-1);(2)非生长季也发生着较强CH_4排放,且温度响应系数Q_(10)(18.1~29.8)远远大于生长季(1.4~2.2),这意味着非生长季的CH_4排放对气候变暖更加敏感;(3)结合其他生长季的观测结果,对观测数据的外推估计,该湿地的CH_4年排放量约为29.4 kg C ha~(-1) a~(-1),其中非生长季的贡献率高达50%以上;(4)观测期的CH_4通量具有明显季节变化,可解释为温度季节变化、土壤冻结与消融过程、水位(或土壤湿度)季节动态和植物生长节律等共同作用的结果;(5)CH_4排放年通量在湿地三种微地形之间呈现出显著差异,即凸起处相对最弱,凹陷处相对最强(p0.05),这主要是水位(或土壤湿度)、植物分布等因素的空间差异所致;(6)考虑到三种微地形在整个湿地的面积占比时,凸起处、凹陷处和过渡带对整个湿地CH_4排放年通量的贡献率依次大约为16%、11%和73%。不过,本研究中原位观测的持续时间相对较短,上述结果或结论能否在年度或更长时间尺度上重现,还需要长期连续观测研究加以检验。     

1979~2013年西北太平洋地区海平面气压场季节转换时间的变化分析

采用1979~2013年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,借助线性趋势、距平、累积距平、Mann-Kendall突变检验及Morlet小波等方法分析了西北太平洋地区海平面气压场季节转换时间的长期趋势和多尺度周期变化特征。结果表明:海平面气压场一年中存在两次季节转变,20°N~50°N海平面气压场冬夏季节转变的时间在第20候左右,而夏冬季节转变发生在第51候。并且海平面气压场的季节转换时间存在纬度差异与经度差异。通过趋势分析,发现海平面气压场由冬季型转变到夏季型的时间存在显著的趋势变化,并且在近35年内是趋于提前,其气候倾向率为-0.33候/10 a;夏季型转换为冬季型的时间趋于延后,气候倾向率为0.25候/10 a。季节转换时间的Mann-Kendall突变检测结果表明,海平面气压场由冬向夏的转换时间在1997~1998年间发生了突变;夏季型转换为冬季型的时间尚未发现显著突变。最后通过对季节转换时间的小波分析与小波功率谱的显著性检验得出,冬夏季节转换的时间具有显著的15 a周期变化;夏冬季节转换时间8 a周期振荡最为剧烈。     

近47年内蒙古农牧交错带气温突变的区域特征和季节特征

利用内蒙古农牧交错带42个气象站1961-2007年气象资料,采用Mann—Kendall和Yamamoto两种突变检验方法。分析了内蒙古农牧交错带气温突变的区域特征和季节特征。主要结论如下：内蒙古农牧交错带普遍具有明显的增温现象：气温突变主要发生在20世纪80年代后期和90年代前期;阴山北麓段突变发生最早,其次是东段,中西段最晚;四季气温以冬季突变发生最早且最明显,春、秋季次之,夏季最晚。