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81.
82.
尽管Pn波品质因子(PnQ)对上地幔流变性质研究及核试验监测有着深刻含义,迄今它仍然是一个难以准确测定的地震参量.这是因为除了众所周知的影响所有短周期Q的干扰因素外,在所有主要的区域震相中,地震工作者对Pn波的传播模式及几何扩散函数G=d-k中的扩散率指数k了解最少.不同的研究者任意地假定不同的常数k,因此常算出非常不同的PnQ值(例如文献[1]、[2]).实际上,理论研究已表明,k随频率而变,变化的形式取决于上地幔的速度结构.本文介绍用一推广的逆向双台法同时测定加拿大东部的PnQ和k值.我们的结果表明:1.加拿大东部的Pn波是由一系列的干涉潜波叠加而形成;2.视PnQ(散射和固有非弹性的综合效应)随频率而增加,在15Hz处接近2000. 相似文献
83.
Diffraction of a directionally spread wave group by a cylinder 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The problem of diffraction of a directionally spread focused wave group by a bottom-seated circular cylinder is considered from the viewpoint of second-order perturbation theory. After applying the time Fourier transform and separation of vertical variable the resulting two-dimensional non-homogeneous Helmholtz equations are solved numerically using finite differences. The detailed formulation of the second-order radiation condition is presented. Numerical solutions of the problem are obtained for JONSWAP amplitude spectra for the incoming wave group with various types of directional spreading. The results are compared with the corresponding results for a unidirectional wave group of the same amplitude spectrum. Finally we discuss the applicability of the averaged spreading angle concept for practical applications. 相似文献
84.
Sara Spencer Deborah K. Smith Johnson R. Cann Jian Lin Edward McAllister 《Marine Geophysical Researches》1997,19(4):339-362
Observations of the median valley within the 24–30° N area ofthe Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR), using the IOSDL high resolutionside-scan sonar instrument TOBI, image four separate areas of themedian valley, containing part or all of nine spreading segments, and fivenon-transform discontinuities between spreading segments (NTDs).These high resolution side scan images were interpreted in parallel withmultibeam bathymetry (Purdy et al., 1990), giving a greater degree ofstructural precision than is possible with the multibeam data alone. Threedistinct types of NTD were identified, corresponding in part to typespreviously identified from the multibeam bathymetric survey of the area.Type 1 NTDs are termed septal offsets, and are marked by a topographic ridgeseparating the two spreading segments. The offset between the spreadingsegments ranges from 9 to 14 km. These can be further subdivided into Type1A in which the septa run parallel to the overall trend of the MAR and Type1B in which the septa lie at a high angle to the bulk ridge trend. Type 1ANTDs are characterised by overlap of the neovolcanic zones of the segmentson each side, and strong offaxis traces, while Type 1B NTDs show no overlapof neovolcanic zones, and weak offaxis traces. Type 2 NTDs arebrittle/ductile extensional shear zones, marked by oblique extensionalfractures, and associated with rotation of tectonic and volcanic structuresaway from the overall trend of the MAR. Type 3 NTDs are associated withoffsets of less than 5 km, and show no sign of any accommodating structure.In this type of NTD, the offset zone is covered with undeformed volcanics.The type of NTD developed at any locality along the ridge axis appears todepend on the amount of segment offset and segment overlap, the overalltrend of the mid-ocean ridge, the width of the zone of discontinuity, themedian valley offset and the longevity of the offset. These factorsinfluence the mechanical properties of the lithosphere across thediscontinuity, and ultimately the tectonic style of the NTD that can besupported. Thus brittle/ductile extensional shear zones are long-livedstructures favoured by large segment offsets, and small or negative segmentoverlaps. Septa can be short or long lived, and are associated with largesegment offsets. Segment overlaps vary from negative (an along axis gap) tozero, for Type 1B septal offsets, or positive to zero for Type 1A septaloffsets. Non-tectonised NTDs are generally short lived structures,characterised by small segment offsets and zero or positive overlaps. 相似文献
85.
86.
Norbert J. Schulz Robert S. Detrick Stephen P. Miller 《Marine Geophysical Researches》1988,10(1-2):41-57
Magnetic data collected in conjunction with a Sea Beam bathymetric survey of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge south of the Kane Fracture
Zone are used to constrain the spreading history of this area over the past 3 Ma. Two-dimensional forward modeling and inversion
techniques are carried out, as well as a full three-dimensional inversion of the anomaly field along a 90-km-long section
of the rift valley. Our results indicate that this portion of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, known as the MARK area, consists of
two distinct spreading cells separated by a small, zero-offset transform or discordant zone near 23°10′ N, The youngest crust
in the median valley is characterized by a series of distinct magnetization highs which coalesce to form two NNE-trending
bands of high magnetization, one on the northern ridge segment which coincides with a large constructional volcanic ridge,
and one along the southern ridge segment that is associated with a string of small axial volcanos. These two magnetization
highs overlap between 23° N and 23°10° N forming a non-transform offset that may be a slow spreading ridge analogue of the
small ridge axis discontinuities found on the East Pacific Rise. The crustal magnetizations in this overlap zone are generally
low, although an anomalous, ESE-trending magnetization high of unknown origin is also present in this area. The present-day
segmentation of spreading in the MARK area was inherited from an earlier ridge-transform-ridge geometry through a series of
small (∼ 10 km) eastward ridge jumps. These small ridge jumps were caused by a relocation of the neovolcanic zone within the
median valley and have resulted in an overall pattern of asymmetric spreading with faster rates to the west (14 mm yr−1) than to the east (11 mm yr−1). Although the detailed magnetic survey described in this paper extends out to only 3 Ma old crust, a regional compilation
of magnetic data from this area by Schoutenet al. (1985) indicates that the relative positions and dimensions of the spreading cells, and the pattern of asymmetric spreading
seen in the MARK area during the past 3 Ma, have characterized this part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge for at least the past 36
Ma. 相似文献
87.
This study presents results of surveys conducted along the slow to ultra-slow spreading axis of the Northern North Fiji Basin (NNFB), including the Hazel Holmes, Tripartite and South Pandora Ridges, and the newly discovered Futuna and North Cikobia spreading centers. Spreading segments along these axes display highly contrasted axial morphologies, ranging from a rift valley to a prominent axial high. In some places, abrupt inversions of topography are observed between neighboring segments. Detailed analyses of bathymetry and backscatter maps reveal that axial highs are spotted with numerous coalescent volcanoes forming features ranging from irregular terrains to well-organized ridges. The volcanic edifices are distributed over a wide neovolcanic zone, which corresponds to the axial relief, suggesting on important contribution of volcanism to the relief construction. Comparisons between various ridge-shaped segments reveal that axial volcano-tectonic patterns are directly related to the local magma production and delivery, in a context of tectonic extension related to plate divergence, and suggest that coalescent volcanoes are fed from multiples short-lived and unconnected magma lenses. In the competition between horizontal and vertical accretion of oceanic crust, the spreading centers of the NNFB represent a special case where lava production is locally high enough and spreading rate is low enough to allow prominent axial highs to develop. The along axis morphologic variability is related to intermittent volcanic activity that may result from rapid temporal and spatial variations in the distribution of upper mantle convection cells below accretion centers, superimposed on the regional thermal anomaly located under the whole basin. 相似文献
88.
印度洋无震海岭及海底高原的初步研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
根据1986年10月-1987年5月第三次南极考察和首次环球科学考察所获的印度洋实测重力资料,对印度洋一些典型构造进行了分析研究。初步主人为:无震海岭,海底高原和大洋中脊都有着复杂的壳-幔结构,其上都伴有一个布格异常的低值带,但引种布格局异常低值原因却不尽相同。虽然上述3者都是大洋中的隆起地带,但前两者的地壳增厚,莫氏丰下拱,软流圈变深,影响布格异常的主要因素是其下存在着一个较大的负山根。相反,在 相似文献
89.
The southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) is spreading at rates (34–38 mm yr−1) that fall within a transitional range between those which characterize slow and intermediate spreading center morphology.
To further our understanding of crustal accretion at these transitional spreading rates, we have carried out analysis of magnetic
anomaly data from two detailed SeaBeam surveys of the MAR between 25°–27°30′S and 31°–34°30′S. Within these areas, the MAR
is subdivided into 9 ridge segments bounded by large- and short-offset discontinuities of the ridge axis. From two-dimensional
Fourier inversions of the magnetic anomaly data we establish the history of spreading within each ridge segment for the past
5 my and the evolution of the bounding ridge-axis discontinuities. We see evidence for the initiation and diminishment of
small-offset discontinuities, and for the transition of rigid large-offset transform faults to less stable short-offset features.
Individual ridge segments display independent spreading histories in terms of both the sense and amount of asymmetric spreading
within each which have given rise to changes through time in the lengths of bounding ridge-axis discontinuities. Over the
past 3–5 my, the short-offset discontinuities within the area have lengthened/shortened by approximately the same amount (∼
10 km). During this same time period, larger-offset transform faults have remained comparatively constant in length. A shift
in plate motion at anomaly 3 time may have given rise to change in the length of short-offset second-order discontinuities.
However, the pattern of lengthening/shortening short-offset discontinuities we see is not simply related to the geometry of
the plate boundary in these regions which precludes a simply relationship between plate motion changes and response at the
plate boundary. We document a case of rapid (minimum 60 mm yr−1) small-scale rift propagation, occurring between 2.5 and 1.8 my, associated with transition of the Moore transform fault
to an oblique-trending ridge-axis discontinuity. Propagation across the Moore discontinuity and similar propagation within
the 31°–34°30’S area may be associated with the reduced age contrast in lithosphere across second-order discontinuities.
Total opening rates within our northern survey area decreased from anomaly 4′ to 2 time and rates within both areas have increased
since the Jaramillo. Total opening rates measured for anomaly intervals differ along the plate boundary significantly, more
than expected with changing distance to the pole of rotation. These differences imply a degree of short-term non-rigid plate
behaviour which may be associated with ridge segments acting as independent spreading cells. Magnetic polarity transition
widths from our inversion studies may be used to infer a zone of crustal accretion which is 3–6 km wide, within the inner
floor of the rift valley. A systematic increase of transition width with age would be expected if deeper crustal sources dominate
the magnetic signal in older crust but this is not observed. We present results from three-dimensional analysis of magnetic
anomaly data which show magnetization highs located at the intersection of the MAR with both large- and short-offset discontinuities.
Within the central anomaly the highs exceed 15 A m−1 compared with a background of approximately 8–10 A m−1 and they persist for at least 2.5 my. The highs may be caused by eruption of fractionated strongly magnetized basalts at
ridge-axis discontinuities with both large and small offsets. 相似文献
90.
冲绳海槽中段地球物理场及对其新生洋壳的认识 总被引:13,自引:1,他引:13
通过对冲绳海槽中的磁场进行分析,在海槽轴部追踪到了线性磁条带异常。另外,在扩张轴附近也拖到了新鲜拉斑玄武岩。重力自由空气异常值较低。根据这是由于深部地幔大幅上升所致。地震剖面及磁力资料显示在海槽轴部有强磁性浅层侵入体及海底山,这些侵入体很可能来自于深部地幔。高温地幔物质上涌在海槽轴部形成高热流、强磁异常、多火山以及热液活动。上述现象说明冲绳海槽中段张裂轴部大陆岩石圈已经破裂,并可能已有新生洋壳形成。 相似文献