闽西南古田-小陶花岗质杂岩体的形成时代和成因

古田-小陶花岗质杂岩体是由小陶、古田、华家、蛟洋和姑田等单元组成.小陶、古田和华家单元为含黑云母二长花岗岩,蛟洋和姑田单元是含角闪石黑云母石英二长岩.小陶和古田花岗岩以高SiO2（＞71.77%）、K2O（＞4.67%）和低CaO（＜1.71%）为特征,属于弱过铝-强过铝花岗岩;它们含高的Rb、Nb、Ta、Th、U和低的Sr、Ba含量;稀土（REE）含量和轻重稀土分异（（La/Yb）N）变化大,分别变化于143×10-6～548×10-6,和3.3～26.5,Eu亏损中等到强.姑田和蛟洋单元都以低SiO2,（62.88%～66.38%）和高Al2O3（15.44%～16.51%）为特征.姑田单元的REE总量低而蛟洋单元的REE总量高,但两者的Eu负异常都不明显.华家单元花岗岩的地球化学特征介于上述两组花岗岩之间.LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年显示小陶花岗岩形成于222±3Ma,而古田花岗岩形成于161±1Ma.小陶、古田和姑田花岗岩具有相似的87Sr/86Sr初始比值（0.7089～0.7099）和εNd（t）值（-11.1～-11.5）,而且古田和小陶花岗岩的锆石Hf同位素组成也相似,表明它们起源于相同的源区.地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素指示它们的源区物质是具有1.73～1.5Ga平均地壳存留年龄的变质沉积岩.而位于杂岩体南部的华家花岗岩显示明显高的87Sr/86Sr初始比值（0.7310）和更低的εNd（t）值（-16.4）,指示它的母岩浆起源于古元古代壳源物质,暗示杂岩体南北基底组成可能不同.古田花岗岩形成于燕山早期的板内伸展构造背景,而小陶花岗岩形成于印支晚期,地球化学特征以及同时代岩石组合以及构造应力场分析表明其最可能形成于后造山构造背景.     

含金硫化物基岩区红土型金矿的成矿作用

实验表明，在含金硫化物基岩区，硫代硫酸金络阴离子团和硫酸金络阴离子团是金在表生条件下的主要迁移形式，它们的沉淀与铁、锰氢氧化物的形成有密切联系。金的表生迁移－沉淀条件除一般的表生地质条件外，还有特殊的物理化学－生物化学条件。络阴离子团的地球化学性质，控制着红土型金矿床的垂向分带与金的次生富集。     

若尔盖复杂地层钻进工艺研究及探讨

川西北高原高寒山区若尔盖铀矿地层“漏失、垮塌、超径、孔斜”,是典型的“五毒俱全”、国内少见的钻探复杂地层。我们通过认真的分析和研究,从工艺技术上改进,采用优质泥浆体系,成功穿越了近300米的炭质板岩层;采用连续造斜器成功实施了深孔定向钻进,为在复杂地层下一基多孔工艺提供了依据。     

考虑地形起伏和障碍体破裂的汶川地震强地面运动数值模拟

2008年5月12日四川汶川地区发生M_W7.9地震,震中位置103.4°E,31.06°N.这次地震造成了以汶川、映秀为中心及其周边地域建筑物的严重破坏和人员的重大伤亡,且因为高山等地形复杂区域抢险救灾的艰巨性,为及时救援造成很大干扰.为更好理解地形因素对于强地面数值模拟结果的影响,建立了包含地形起伏影响及去除地形影响的两类模型.同时,依据震源破裂过程运动学反演结果,建立了包含障碍体破裂过程的震源滑动模型,实现断层分段、空间倾角以及滑移角的动态设定.基于动力学的地震动模拟方法,通过对地震波传播过程的数值计算和后处理分析,模拟由地震激发的区域强地面运动过程.结果显示：（1）强震动台站的断层距对地形效应具有放大或抑制作用,距离断层破裂带越近,地形效应越明显,反之,距离越远,则地形效应越微弱;（2）因为地形高差与障碍体的影响,地震造成的峰值可能出现在震中区域之外;（3）考虑地形影响模型的地表峰值速度（PGV）区域位于汶川与北川附近;而未考虑地形影响模型的PGV区域位于灌县—江油断层的后半段,处清平、安县附近;对汶川地震近实时强地面运动波场的模拟、峰值图谱的圈定及未来大地震强地面运动特征的预测都有重要指示意义.

     

Fluid entrapment and reequilibration during subduction and exhumation: A case study from the high-grade Nestos shear zone, Central Rhodope, Greece

A fluid inclusion study on metamorphic minerals of successive growth stages was performed on highly deformed paragneisses from the Nestos Shear Zone at Xanthi (Central Rhodope), in which microdiamonds provide unequivocal evidence for ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphism. The correlation of fluid inclusion density isochores and fluid inclusion reequilibration textures with geothermobarometric data and the relative chronology of micro- and macro-scale deformation stages allow a better understanding of both the fluid and metamorphic evolution along the P–T–d path. Textural evidence for subduction towards the NE is recorded by the orientation of intragranular NE-oriented fluid inclusion planes and the presence of single, annular fluid inclusion decrepitation textures. These textures occur within quartz “foam” structures enclosed in an earlier generation of garnets with prolate geometries and rarely within recrystallized matrix quartz, and reequilibrated both in composition and density during later stages of exhumation. No fluid inclusions pertaining to the postulated ultrahigh-pressure stage for microdiamond-bearing garnet–kyanite–gneisses have yet been found. The prolate shape of garnets developed during the earliest stages of exhumation that is recorded structurally by (L  S) tectonites, which subsequently accommodated progressive ductile SW shearing and folding up to shallow crustal levels. The majority of matrix kyanite and a later generation of garnet were formed during SW-directed shear under plane-strain conditions. Fluid inclusions entrapped in quartz during this stage of deformation underwent density loss and transformed to almost pure CO₂ inclusions by preferential loss of H₂O. Those inclusions armoured within garnet retained their primary 3-phase H₂O–CO₂ compositions. Reequilibration of fluid inclusions in quartz aggregates is most likely the result of recrystallization along with stress-induced, preferential H₂O leakage along dislocations and planar lattice defects which results in the predominance of CO₂ inclusions with supercritical densities. Carbonic fluid inclusions from adjacent kyanite–corundum-bearing pegmatoids and, the presence of shear-plane-parallel fluid inclusion planes within late quartz boudin structures consisting of pure CO₂-fluid inclusions with negative crystal shapes, bear witness of the latest stage of deformation by NE-directed extensional shear.This study shows that the textures of early fluid inclusions that formed already during the prograde metamorphic path can be preserved and used to derive information about the kinematics of subduction that is difficult to obtain from other sources. The textures of early inclusions, together with later generations of unaltered primary and secondary inclusions in metamorphic index minerals that can be linked to specific deformation stages and even P–T conditions, are a welcome supplement for the reconstruction of a rather detailed P–T–d path.     

瞬变电磁采样函数优化法降噪技术

常用的双极性同步采样方法对瞬变电磁系统的观测噪声具有一定的抑制作用,但在实际工作中其噪声抑制能力仍显不足.本文在双极性同步采样方法基础上提出一种优化方法,以提升瞬变电磁系统的噪声抑制能力,即：通过对取样道加高斯窗函数的方式,赋予取样道内各采样点合适的累加权重,提升系统对取样道内高频噪声的抑制能力;使用高斯窗函数与梳状滤波器构造复合窗函数,通过对包含所有叠加周期的完整观测序列加复合窗函数的形式优化各周期的叠加权重,提升系统对实际工频噪声的抑制能力.对优化前后不同采样函数的谱特性及野外实测数据的处理效果进行比较,结果表明本文提出的方法较传统双极性同步采样方法具有更强的噪声抑制能力.

     

复杂地表边界元-体积元波动方程数值模拟

复杂近地表引起来自深部构造的地震反射信号振幅和相位的异常变化,是影响复杂近地表地区地震资料品质的主要原因.本文采用边界元-体积元方法,通过求解含复杂地表的波动积分方程,来模拟地震波在复杂近地表构造中的传播.其中,边界元法模拟地形起伏和表层地质结构对地震波传播的影响;体积元法模拟起伏地表下非均质低降速层的影响.与其他数值模拟方法比较,其主要优点为几何上精确描述不规则地表界面,实现精确模拟自由表面对地震波的边界散射;显式应用近地表地层界面的连续边界条件,实现半解析的数值模拟;分区处理近地表复杂结构,有效模拟复杂地表下非均匀介质对地震波场的体散射.数值试验结果表明了该方法的实用性和有效性.     

Reducing model complexity for explanation and prediction

Numerical models can be useful for explaining poorly understood phenomena or for reliable quantitative predictions. When modeling a multi-scale system, a ‘top-down’ approach—basing models on emergent variables and interactions, rather than explicitly on the much faster and smaller scale processes that give rise to them—facilitates both goals. Parameterizations representing emergent interactions range from highly simplified and abstracted to more quantitatively accurate. Empirically based large-scale parameterizations lead more reliably to accurate large-scale behavior than do parameterizations of much smaller scale processes. Conversely, purposefully simplified representations of model interactions can enhance a model's utility for explanation, clarifying the key feedbacks leading to an enigmatic behavior. For such potential insights to be relevant, the interactions in the model need to correspond to those in the ‘real’ system in some straightforward way. Such a correspondence usually holds for models constructed for predictive purposes, although this is not a requirement. The goals motivating a modeling endeavor help determine the most appropriate modeling strategies, as well as the most appropriate criteria for judging model usefulness.     

Tectono-metamorphic Events in the North Atlantic Region in the Palaeoproterozoic from the View Point of High-grade Metamorphic Rocks in the Lewisian Complex, South Harris, NW Scotland

The tectono-thermal history of the Lewisian Complex in South Harris (South Harris Complex) was inferred from its geologic and metamorphic characteristics. The lithological assemblages and geochemical features of the complex suggest that its precursory rocks were composed of the subduction-related accretionary complex formed in the palaeo convergent margin. The complex has suffered the ultra-high temperature (UHT) metamorphism that was contemporaneous with the igneous activity to make the South Harris Igneous Complex (SHIC) and the subsequent continent-continent collisional activity. A similar complex recording the geological processes of the subduction, the UHT metamorphism and the collision has been recognized in the Lapland-Kola belt and New Quebec in the Palaeoproterozoic. This suggests an assembly of micro-continents to form the Palaeoproterozoic supercontinent in the North Atlantic region.     

Extensional Late Paleozoic deformation on the western margin of Pangea, Patlanoaya area, Acatlán Complex, southern Mexico

New mapping in the northern part of the Paleozoic Acatlán Complex (Patlanoaya area) records several ductile shear zones and brittle faults with normal kinematics (previously thought to be thrusts). These movement zones separate a variety of units that pass structurally upwards from: (i) blueschist-eclogitic metamorphic rocks (Piaxtla Suite) and mylonitic megacrystic granites (Columpio del Diablo granite ≡ Ordovician granites elsewhere in the complex); (ii) a gently E-dipping, listric, normal shear zone with top to the east kinematic indicators that formed under upper greenschist to lower amphibolite conditions; (iii) the Middle–Late Ordovician Las Minas quartzite (upper greenschist facies psammites with minor interbedded pelites intruded by mafic dikes and a leucogranite dike from the Columpio del Diablo granite) unconformably overlain by the Otate meta-arenite (lower greenschist facies psammites and pelites): roughly temporal equivalents are the Middle–Late Ordovician Mal Paso and Ojo de Agua units (interbedded metasandstone and slate, and metapelite and mafic minor intrusions, respectively) — some of these units are intruded by the massive, 461 ± 2 Ma, Palo Liso megacrystic granite: decussate, contact metamorphic muscovite yielded a ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar plateau age of 440 ± 4 Ma; (iv) a steeply-moderately, E-dipping normal fault; (v) latest Devonian–Middle Permian sedimentary rocks (Patlanoaya Group: here elevated from formation status). The upward decrease in metamorphic grade is paralleled by a decrease in the number of penetrative fabrics, which varies from (i) three in the Piaxtla Suite, through (ii) two in the Las Minas unit (E-trending sheath folds deformed by NE-trending, subhorizontal folds with top to the southeast asymmetry, both associated with a solution cleavage), (iii) one in the Otate, Mal Paso, and Ojo de Agua units (steeply SE-dipping, NE–SW plunging, open-close folds), to (iv) none in the Patlanoaya Group. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar analyses of muscovite from the earliest cleavage in the Las Minas unit yielded a plateau age of 347 ± 3 Ma and show low temperature ages of  260 Ma. Post-dating all of these structures and the Patlanoaya Group are NE-plunging, subvertical folds and kink bands. An E–W, vertical normal fault juxtaposes the low-grade rocks against the Anacahuite amphibolite that is cut by megacrystic granite sheets, both of which were deformed by two penetrative fabrics. Amphibole from this unit has yielded a ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar plateau age of 299 ± 6 Ma, which records cooling through  490 °C and is probably related to a Permo-Carboniferous reheating event during exhumation. The extensional deformation is inferred to have started in the latest Devonian ( 360 Ma) during deposition of the basal Patlanoaya Group, lasting through the rapid exhumation of the Piaxtla Suite at  350–340 Ma synchronous with cleavage development in the Las Minas unit, deposition of the Patlanoaya Group with active fault-related exhumation suggested by Mississippian and Early Permian conglomerates ( 340 and 300 Ma, respectively), and continuing at least into the Middle Permian (≡ 260 Ma muscovite ages). The continuity of Mid-Continent Mississippian fauna from the USA to southern Mexico suggests that this extensional deformation occurred on the western margin of Pangea after closure of the Rheic Ocean.