Effects of Poplar Plantations on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils: A Case Study in the North China Plain

In recent years, large areas of farmland in the North China Plain have been converted into short-rotation poplar plantations. To analyze the impacts of poplar plantations on soil, 22 soil samples were collected and assayed from the soil profiles of a corn field and a poplar plantation. The results showed that the average soil moisture content of the soil profile in the poplar field was 2.6 percent lower than that of the arable land. The maximum difference in soil moisture content was found in the upper 0-10 cm of topsoil. Soil organic matter and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the cornfield were significantly higher than in the poplar field. Higher nutrient content in the corn field may result from higher fertilizer inputs and the practice of returning straw to the cropped field. The analysis also showed no significant increase in soil organic matter content in deeper soil layers of the poplar field, which means that the conditions are not favorable for the formation of soil organic matter, or that soil organic matter needs a longer time to develop. Elements such as magnesium, iron, manganese and copper in both the corn field and the poplar field had a tendency to accumulate with increasing soil depth. Magnesium, iron, manganese and copper in the 0-80 cm soil layer of the poplar field were higher than those of the cornfield, but the situation was reversed at depths greater than 80 cm. It is concluded that poplar trees consume a large amount of soil moisture and soil nutrients. Local governments should prevent the development of new plantations of fast-growing trees in farmland and help farmers to recover their farmland from forestry plantations.     

海拉尔盆地呼和湖凹陷煤成气资源潜力评价

呼和湖凹陷是海拉尔盆地中一个重要的二级凹陷,其中存在2套主力烃源岩系(大磨拐河组和南屯组),均含有煤层,且煤层生烃条件优越,可以作为煤成气的有效源岩.基于对该凹陷中煤系源岩综合评价,笔者采用三维建模与构造模拟系统(TSM)对该凹陷进行盆地模拟,计算出了该区煤系源岩的生气潜量.研究表明,呼和湖凹陷中部和南部的煤层分布比较广泛,平均厚度为120 m左右;煤系源岩干酪根类型主要为Ⅲ型,属于倾气型烃源岩;该凹陷以未成熟-低成熟阶段的煤系源岩为主,R_o大部分在0.3%～0.9%;凹陷煤成气总量为1.6897×10~(12)m~3,具有很好的勘探开发前景.     

济阳坳陷孤东油田曲流河河道储集层构型三维建模

济阳坳陷孤东油田七区西馆陶组上段为典型的曲流河沉积,其中Ng522单层发育2个大型点坝砂体,在系统的点坝砂体构型表征的基础上,探索了储集层构型界面的几何建模方法,将构型界面模型嵌入到基于三维结构化网格体的相模型中,建立了研究区26-295井区真正意义上的、更符合地下实际的三维储集层构型模型,再现了成因微相内部构型单元及界面的空间分布特征,满足了三维油藏数值模拟的需要。点坝内部的侧积层向废弃河道方向倾斜,延伸到距点坝顶三分之二的位置,点坝砂体表现为“半连通体”特征。建立了点坝内部剩余油分布模式,并指出挖潜措施。该方法在研究区应用效果较好,并可以推广到其他相似油田,这对丰富储集层地质学理论及提高油田开发效率均具有重要意义。     

含煤地层AVO正演模型参数优选分析

采用GEOVIEW软件,选取顶底板为泥岩,中间为煤层（厚度变化范围0～30m）的三层介质作模型,通过改变中间煤层的厚度、处理采样率、子波等参数,并保持上下围岩参数不变的方式来讨论相关参数对AVO响应的影响,结果表明当处理采样率越高时,AVO截距和梯度精度就越高;子波采样率过低,会引起AVO截距和梯度值的扰动现象;当子波采样率提高到一定程度时,扰动现象消除;子波主频的大小决定了调谐效应的范围,提高地震波主频,有利于提高分辨率;子波长度的变化对AVO截距和梯度值求取影响不大。上述结论为AVO正演模型参数优选提供了依据,其最佳参数的选取可有效提高含煤地层AVO正演模型的精度。     

基于钻孔数据任意边域地层分界面B-Rep建模研究

对相邻钻孔数据的类型进行了分析,对不同连续性和规则性的地层分界面进行了建模.考虑地层分界面的光滑性和整体控制性,运用边界表示法(B-Rep)和B样条曲面重构地层分界面,为地层建模提供了一种新的方法.建模研究表明:在钻孔数据前处理算法的基础上,B-Rep能够建立连续型、非连续型、空洞型等任意边域的地层分界面.     

真空联合堆载预压加固土体的工程地质性质

为解决一些软土不能满足工程建设要求的问题, 必须对其进行加固处理。本文借助室内试验, 对比江门软土加固前后的基本物理性质、物理化学性质和力学性质, 借助扫描电镜( SEM) 对比研究加固前后土体微结构和工程性质的变化。研究表明: 加固后黏粒组含量明显减少, 砂砾组和粉粒组含量明显增加, pH值降低, 阳离子交换量大幅下降, Ca2 + 、CI- 和HCO - 3 含量减小, 其他离子含量变化不明显。加固过程增加了颗粒之间的连结力, 力学性质明显提高。加固前软土的微结构以絮凝状结构为主, 大孔隙较多; 加固后以团粒状结构为主, 粒内和粒间孔隙变小。真空联合堆载预压加固效果明显, 软土工程性质明显提高, 可以满足工程建设的需要。     

辽河西部凹陷南段油气运移史研究与有利聚集区预测

通过流体包裹体均一温度测试、含油气包裹体指数GOI统计和盆地模拟,研究了渤海湾盆地辽河西部凹陷南段的油气运移史,预测了油气聚集的有利地区.包裹体均一温度资料表明,本区有三期成藏:东二期、东一期和明化镇期;以前两期为主.盆地模拟研究表明,尽管沙河街组烃源岩在沙一期末开始生烃,但在东营期才开始大规模排烃和成藏.GOI的统计分析表明,GOI>5%的区域为油气聚集的有利地区,其中的圈闭应成为下步首选的钻探目标,已发现的欢喜岭油田和双南油田就分布在GOI>5%的区域内.     

鄂尔多斯盆地东南缘延长组成岩作用及储层物性特征

通过成岩作用及储层物性的综合分析,该区主要油层组长9、长8、长6及长2的岩石成分成熟度和结构成熟度均较差,均经历了晚成岩A期。压实作用降低了储层的孔隙度,致密的碳酸盐岩胶结降低了孔隙度并阻止了次生孔隙的产生。该区储层为低孔低渗储层,孔隙度在4％-8％之间,渗透率多小于0．1×10^-3μm2。     

AMT静态效应和对导电薄层分辨能力的正演模拟

静态效应是AMT法在山区找水中不可回避的问题,第四系地下水勘查中人们有时更多关注隔水层黏土层的空间分布。针对这两个问题,利用二维有限单元数值模拟方法来讨论静态效应对TE、TM极化方式视电阻率曲线的影响以及对导电薄层的垂向分辨能力。研究表明：TM模式视电阻率受静态影响严重,TE模式视电阻率对深部地质体的反映优于TM模式;TM极化模式放大了横向上不同电性体的电性差别,在山区找水中对断层反映敏感;AMT对导电薄层的垂向分辨力与围岩的电阻率比值有关,加密点距,并不能提高垂向分辨率。     

Application of 3-D Geoscience Modeling Technology for the Estimation of Solid Mineral Reserves

Abstract: Applying new approaches, methods, and technologies for the estimation of reserves can effectively improve the efficiency and accuracy of assessments of solid mineral resources. After analyzing the development of 3-D geoscience modeling technology (3-D GMT), this paper discusses the application of 3-D GMT for the estimation of solid mineral reserves, emphatically introducing its workflow and two key technologies, 3-D orebody surface modeling, and property modeling. Moreover, the paper analyzes the limitations of traditional methods, such as the section method and geological block method, and points out the advantages of 3-D GMT: building more accurate 3-D orebody models, expressing the internal inhomogeneous attributes of an orebody, reducing the potential for errors in the estimation of reserves, and implementing dynamic estimations of reserves.