南海新生代裂离地体

本文根据拖网取样和多道反射地震资料，结合前人工作，分析南海新生代裂离地体──中－西沙地体与南沙地体的特征、亲缘性及成因。     

Granite provinces and basement terranes in the Lachlan Fold Belt,southeastern Australia

Many granites have compositional features that directly reflect the composition of their source rocks. Since most granites come from the deeper parts of the Earth's crust, their study provides information about the nature of parts of that deep crust. Granites and related volcanic rocks are abundant and widely distributed in the Palaeozoic Lachlan Fold Belt of southeastern Australia. These granites show patterns of regional variation in which sharp discontinuities occur between provinces which internally are of a rather constant character. Such a discontinuity has long been recognized at the I‐S line and the extent of that line can now be defined more fully. Breaks of this type are thought to correspond to sharp changes in the composition of the deep crust that correspond to unexposed or basement terranes. Nine such basement terranes can be recognized in the Lachlan Fold Belt. The character of these basement terranes appears to be different from that of the terranes recognized in the Mesozoic‐Cainozoic Cordilleran fold belt, in which the plates accreted during the period of tectonism reflected in the exposed surface rocks. In the Lachlan Fold Belt, it is postulated that fragments of continental crust, or microplates, were assembled in the Late Proterozoic or Early Palaeozoic to form the substrate of the presently exposed Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks; the compositional features of these fragments were later redistributed vertically by magmatic processes. The identification of basement terranes of this type shows that models which involve the lateral growth of the Lachlan Fold Belt during the Palaeozoic, in a manner analogous to the accretion of younger belts, are untenable. These basement terranes have implications for mineral exploration because the content of heavy metals can vary from one to another and this would ultimately affect the probability of concentrating these metals to form a mineral deposit.     

Quantifying the P–T–t conditions of north–south Lhasa terrane accretion: new insight into the pre‐Himalayan architecture of the Tibetan plateau

An integrated field, petrological and geochronological study of the Basong Tso region of south‐eastern Tibet has constrained the timing and P–T conditions of north–south Lhasa terrane accretion and provides new insight into the tectonothermal evolution of the Tibetan plateau. Two distinct high‐grade metamorphic belts are recognized in the region: a southern belt (the Basong Tso complex) that consists of sheared schist and orthogneiss; and a northern belt (the Zhala complex) that comprises paragneiss and granite. Combined pseudosection modelling and U–Pb geochronology of monazite and zircon indicates that the Basong Tso complex records peak metamorphic conditions of 9 ± 0.5 kbar and 690 ± 25 °C at c. 204–201 Ma, whereas the Zhala complex experienced peak metamorphic conditions of 5.0 ± 1.0 kbar and 740 ± 40 °C at c. 198–192 Ma. Microstructural analysis suggests that the two belts share a common early prograde history, after which the Basong Tso complex attained peak conditions following rapid burial, and the Zhala complex approached peak conditions along an isobaric path. Overall it is inferred that the Basong Tso and Zhala complexes represent the lower and upper structural levels of an evolving orogen that underwent Barrovian‐type metamorphism following collision (M1), followed by Buchan‐style overprinting at higher structural levels due to heat advection by syn‐tectonic granites (M2). Mylonitization (sensu lato) of the Basong Tso complex and juxtaposition of the two units occurred after attainment of peak conditions. The dominance of Mesozoic regional metamorphism across most of the Tibetan plateau indicates that Cenozoic crustal thickening processes, where present, are only manifested at depth.     

Looking beneath the Stawell and Bendigo zones in Victoria,Australia: a view through the granite window

Abstract

Information, mainly from the granitic and silicic volcanic rocks in the Stawell, Bendigo and Melbourne structural zones in the state of Victoria, shows that the sources of both the S- and I-type rocks of the Stawell and Bendigo zones (SBZ) contrast in ages and chemistry with the sources of similar granitic rocks in the Melbourne Zone, consistent with the absence of the mainly Proterozoic Selwyn Block beneath most of the SBZ. Below a mid-crustal décollement in the SBZ, the crust is evidently highly variable and possibly includes thinned Proterozoic crust. There is geochronological evidence for ca 400 and ca 370?Ma granulite-grade metamorphic events here, and, after this double bout of metamorphism, and depletion in the silicic melt component, the constituents of the entire deep crust of the SBZ would have densities similar to those of overlying, much lower-grade Cambrian metabasaltic to boninitic rocks. Thus, granitic magmas may have formed here by partial melting of a variety of rock types, probably with back-arc affinities, with ages that may extend back to the Proterozoic. Therefore, the basement of the SBZ is unlikely to consist solely of thick ocean-floor rocks, as in some current interpretations.

1. KEY POINTS

2. The sources of the Devonian granitic rocks of the Stawell and Bendigo zones (SBZ) contrast in ages and chemistry with those of the Melbourne Zone granites.

3. Two Devonian granulite-facies events left the melt-depleted deep SBZ crust with densities similar to those of overlying Cambrian metabasaltic rocks.

4. The SBZ Devonian granitic magmas probably formed by partial melting of heterogeneous Proterozoic to Cambrian arc-related crust, below the mid-crustal décollement.

     

New apatite fission track evidence from the northern Qiangtang terrane reveal two‐phase evolution of central Tibet

The growth of central Tibet remains elusory, albeit important in evaluating different topographic growth models accounting for the Tibetan Plateau development. Thermochronological records in the northern Qiangtang terrane (QT) provide valuable information for investigating the cooling and exhumation history in central Tibet. New apatite fission track data, assisted by inverse thermal modelling, reveal two stages of accelerated cooling. The Early Cretaceous cooling is related with refrigeration of the QT and exhumation probably induced by crustal shortening. The Eocene‐Oligocene renewed cooling reflects the far‐field contraction after the onset of the India‐Asia collision and Cenozoic crustal shortening deformation in the QT, coupled with thermal relaxation and transient lithospheric removal. Our data support models indicating that Cretaceous crustal shortening produced a thickened crust in the QT, whereas the present‐day elevation was established during Eocene‐Oligocene due to crustal shortening, continental subduction and lithospheric delamination.     

Early Permian supra‐subduction assemblage of the South Island terrane,Percy Isles,New England Fold Belt,Queensland

Ultramafic‐intermediate rocks exposed on the South Island of the Percy Isles have been previously grouped into the ophiolitic Marlborough terrane of the northern New England Fold Belt. However, petrological, geochemical and geochronological data all suggest a different origin for the South Island rocks and a new terrane, the South Island terrane, is proposed. The South Island terrane rocks differ from ultramafic‐mafic rocks of the Marlborough terrane not only in lithological association, but also in geochemical features and age. These data demonstrate that the South Island terrane is genetically unrelated to the Marlborough terrane but developed in a supra‐subduction zone environment probably associated with an Early Permian oceanic arc. There is, however, a correlation between the South Island terrane rocks and intrusive units of the Marlborough ophiolite. This indicates that the two terranes were in relative proximity to one another during Early Permian times. A K/Ar age of 277 ± 7 Ma on a cumulative amphibole‐rich diorite from the South Island terrane suggests possible affinities with the Gympie and Berserker terranes of the northern New England Fold Belt.     

白垩纪羌塘地体西南缘的陆-陆碰撞:来自班怒带西段的花岗岩约束

羌塘地体西南缘布木错—雄巴日—羌多—赛登地区分布着大量呈岩株或岩枝状的中酸性-基性侵入岩,其岩石地球化学特点是低SiO₂(67.99%~73.32%)、高Al₂O₃(12.82%~15.02%),属于过铝质花岗岩,里特曼指数(2.09~2.63)σ<3.3,属钙碱性花岗岩类;稀土元素显示为轻稀土较强富集和重稀土强亏损的特征,岩浆结晶分异程度较高。岩石地球化学特征和稀有元素特征图解指示花岗岩构造环境有一定的差异性,以I型为主,其形成及侵位应与古特提斯洋的闭合、新特提斯洋的扩张有关,属同碰撞型造山花岗岩。通过对该区多个花岗岩体锆石LA-ICPMS 测定,测得其形成年代为116~107 Ma,与早白垩世晚期羌塘地体南缘的陆-陆碰撞作用时间相吻合。     

Petrogenesis of the Early Jurassic Longtang and Menglong Peraluminous Granites in Tengchong Terrane, and their Tectonic Implication

A comprehensive study of zircon U-Pb geochronology, in situ Hf isotopes, whole-rock major and trace element geochemistry, and Nd isotopes was carried out for two Early Jurassic two-mica granites (Longtang and Menglong) in the southern part of the Tengchong terrane, which is in the northern part of the larger Sibumasu terrane. We assess the origin of the granites and explore their possible genetic relationship to the Paleo-Tethyan regime. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating shows that they were simultaneously emplaced in the Early Jurassic (ca. 199 Ma). They have SiO2 contents of 69.7–75.1 wt% and are mainly strongly peraluminous with alumina saturation index (ASI) values ranging from 1.06 to 1.46. They show similar Mg# (0.29–0.42) to experimental partial melts of metasedimentary rocks under continental pressure-temperature (P-T) conditions. They are enriched in light rare earth elements (LREEs) relative to heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), with moderately negative Eu anomalies and flat HREEs patterns. They show negative εNd(t) values (?9.0 to –12.4) and εHf(t) values (?8.0 to ?9.1). Elemental and isotopic data suggest that they most likely to formed by muscovite-dehydration melting of a metapelitic source at lower temperatures in the range of 700°C to 750°C. The granites might represent a post-collisional tectonic setting response to Paleo-Tethyan regime.     

藏南冈底斯岩浆带研究进展与展望

冈底斯岩浆岩带（以下简称冈底斯带）是新特提斯洋俯冲和印度—亚洲板块碰撞的产物,为典型的复合型大陆岩浆弧,是研究板块增生、大陆地壳生长再造和碰撞造山的天然实验室。大量研究揭示新特提斯洋主要经历了4个重要的演化时期：分别是早期俯冲（>152 Ma）、晚期俯冲（100~65 Ma）、主碰撞（55~40 Ma）和后碰撞伸展期（23 Ma至今）。前人对其开展了大量的工作,并取得了重要的认识和进展,然而关于新特提斯洋的形成和演化以及冈底斯带火成岩岩浆源区的属性、精细的成岩过程等方面仍然存在着激烈的争议。文章首先介绍了冈底斯带的研究历史和大地构造背景,对冈底斯带目前存在的主要科学问题和争议进行了初步梳理,从13个方面进行了论述和总结。初步的梳理给出的启示是：冈底斯带是一个典型的岩浆—构造—成矿—变形变质带,经历了长期、复杂和多阶段的演化过程,而不是简单地拼贴于古老拉萨地体之上的新生大陆岛弧体。主要认识包括：（1）冈底斯岛弧带是研究新特提斯洋俯冲最为理想的场所,记录了新特提斯洋演化的关键信息,是破解新特提斯洋板片初始俯冲时限和板片俯冲方式最佳的研究对象;（2）冈底斯带中不同时代的花岗岩基或岩株可能经历了一个多期次组装累积的过程,今后应运用晶粥体的模型去重新理解冈底斯带花岗质岩石的形成和动力学成岩过程;（3）冈底斯地区地幔的性质沿着走向表现出复杂性,具有地球化学上的不均一性;（4）冈底斯带的火成岩存在同位素上的倒转,这可能暗示冈底斯地区存在老的基底;（5）冈底斯岛弧带在构造上具有明显的掀斜性,表现出东段以下地壳组分为主,中西段以中上地壳组分为主,暗示了冈底斯带自新生代以来经历了一个不均衡的构造抬升和剥露过程; （6）冈底斯带的研究对象仍以火成岩为主,研究方法多限于传统的岩石学和放射性Sr-Nd-Hf同位素手段,而非传统的稳定性同位素（Mg-O-Li-B-Mo）的研究却鲜有报道,并且在研究内容上主要以岩石成因和地质年代学为主,而对火成岩侵位过程和成岩后的构造变形和抬升剥蚀等相关研究则相对薄弱;（7）目前,构造地质学手段在冈底斯带的研究中运用较少,常以岩浆演化来代替构造演化。最后,文章针对目前的研究现状,对冈底斯带未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

黑龙江东部那丹哈达地体燕山期金铜成矿系统——中生代岩浆作用与成矿背景

那丹哈达地体位于锡霍特—阿林造山带中部西缘,中生代以来发生了剧烈的构造—岩浆—成矿作用,发育有热泉型、火山热液型、浅成低温热液型以及矽卡岩型等铜金矿床。本文在详细的野外地质调查基础上,对四平山、先锋北山、258高地和跃进山4个典型矿床的成矿岩体进行主量元素、稀土、微量元素地球化学特征分析以及锆石U- Pb年代学研究,旨在探讨研究区燕山期铜金成矿构造背景与成矿模式。研究结果表明,四平山金矿床、先锋北山金矿床、258高地金矿床和跃进山铜金矿床成矿岩体的LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb年龄分别为122. 5±1. 1 Ma、117. 0±0. 4 Ma、116. 9±0. 8 Ma和115. 7±1. 1 Ma,矿床成矿时代属于早白垩世晚期。4个矿床的成矿岩体具有相似的岩石地球化学特征,属于中分异I型花岗岩,岩浆来源于地壳物质部分熔融源区,形成于碰撞后构造背景。结合矿床地质背景、锆石U- Pb年代学特征、地球化学特征以及区域构造演化,本文认为四平山金矿床、先锋北山金矿床、258高地金矿床和跃进山铜金矿床的成矿时代基本一致,成因均与燕山期中酸性岩浆相关,属于同一成矿系列,铜金成矿作用与古太平洋板块俯冲作用密切相关。