Position and velocity perturbations for the determination of geopotential from space geodetic measurements

Although space geodetic observing systems have been advanced recently to such a revolutionary level that low Earth Orbiting (LEO) satellites can now be tracked almost continuously and at the unprecedented high accuracy, none of the three basic methods for mapping the Earth’s gravity field, namely, Kaula linear perturbation, the numerical integration method and the orbit energy-based method, could meet the demand of these challenging data. Some theoretical effort has been made in order to establish comparable mathematical modellings for these measurements, notably by Mayer-Gürr et al. (J Geod 78:462–480, 2005). Although the numerical integration method has been routinely used to produce models of the Earth’s gravity field, for example, from recent satellite gravity missions CHAMP and GRACE, the modelling error of the method increases with the increase of the length of an arc. In order to best exploit the almost continuity and unprecedented high accuracy provided by modern space observing technology for the determination of the Earth’s gravity field, we propose using measured orbits as approximate values and derive the corresponding coordinate and velocity perturbations. The perturbations derived are quasi-linear, linear and of second-order approximation. Unlike conventional perturbation techniques which are only valid in the vicinity of reference mean values, our coordinate and velocity perturbations are mathematically valid uniformly through a whole orbital arc of any length. In particular, the derived coordinate and velocity perturbations are free of singularity due to the critical inclination and resonance inherent in the solution of artificial satellite motion by using various types of orbital elements. We then transform the coordinate and velocity perturbations into those of the six Keplerian orbital elements. For completeness, we also briefly outline how to use the derived coordinate and velocity perturbations to establish observation equations of space geodetic measurements for the determination of geopotential.     

Equilibria of a satellite subjected to gravitational and aerodynamic torques with pressure center in a principal plane of inertia

Attitude motion of a satellite subjected to gravitational and aerodynamic torques in a circular orbit is considered. In special case, when the center of pressure of aerodynamic forces is located in one of the principal central planes of inertia of the satellite, all equilibrium orientations are determined. Existence conditions of all equilibria are obtained and evolution of domains with a fixed number of equilibria is investigated in detail. All bifurcation values of the system’s parameters corresponding to the qualitative change of these domains are determined. Sufficient conditions of stability are obtained for each equilibrium orientation using generalized integral of energy.     

Analyzing the gravity response of the Serra Geral Basalts and its impacts for the gravity interpretation in the northern Paraná Basin

The intraplate Paraná Basin encompasses an area of 1,127,400 km² in the Brazilian territory and is characterized by the presence of thick basalt and intrusive units of the Serra Geral Formation. Around 70% of its surface is covered by flood basalts. The regional interpretation of the dataset, located in the northern portion of the basin, led to new insights regarding the structure of the basin and its relationship with the Proterozoic surroundings. A 3D model of the basalts, which at the center of the basin has a thickness around 2 km, was built in order to analyze its signal content and the effects in anomaly caused by the structure of the depocenter. The gravity effect of the basalt model on the Terrain Corrected Anomaly map was removed, using forward modeling, generating a new residual anomaly map giving a view of the depocenter anomaly without the interference of the basalts. The result suggests a SW-NE depocenter whose plan shape appears to be more irregular than previously thought and a basement structure divided into three clearly defined compartments separated by structural features, some defined in this work and others already known from previous studies. Following the workflow for regional gravity studies, the Moho gravity effect was also removed using three different crustal thickness models. The results of this step completely changed the low frequency framework of the dataset, addressing extensive highs spread from the central to the eastern portion of the survey area, not enhancing any anomalies related to known geological features mapped in prior geophysical studies.     

北京西郊玉泉山地区岩溶水强径流路径地球物理分析

为研究北京西郊玉泉山地区岩溶水径流路径,需查明区内地层结构和断裂构造发育情况,故在玉泉山周边地区开展了综合地球物理勘查工作。完成1∶25000面积性重力测量3670点,在重力数据解释推断成果基础上,有针对性地布设可控源音频大地电磁测深(CSAMT)剖面测量5.1 km及微动测深点4个。综合研究了基岩起伏形态和构造展布特征,新解释推断了10条可能存在的断裂构造。结合区域水文地质资料,对主要断裂的水文地质意义进行了分析,形成了玉泉山地区岩溶水强径流路径新的认识,部分成果与最新的同位素水化学研究成果一致。本研究为玉泉山泉恢复确定合理的回灌方案提供了地球物理依据。     

日照黄海海域冷水团勘察工程施工工艺探究

日照万泽丰渔业有限公司黄海冷水团优质鱼类绿色养殖项目是山东省首批公布的新旧动能转换重大项目,规划海域面积20 km2。工程勘察是工程建设项目首先开展的基础性工作,是项目选址、设计和施工的重要依据。本文通过有效盘活有限资源,科学论证、严谨施工,创新钻探船改造、重力导向装置实现深海套管安放,成功实施了该项目的工程勘察工作,为远海深水勘察施工提供了经验。     

南岭于都——赣县矿集区银坑示范区重磁资料探测花岗岩分布研究

银坑示范区位于中国东南部南岭东段于都—赣县矿集区内的银坑镇,具有良好的找矿前景。该区花岗岩与成矿关系密切。因此,系统探查花岗岩体分布是深部找矿的关键问题之一。笔者主要利用重力、磁力平面资料,并结合物性、地质、电法、地震等资料,综合研究了该区花岗岩空间分布特征。首先研究推断了该区6个花岗岩体的平面分布,其中,江背岩体、长潭岩体、高山角岩体为部分隐伏岩体;柳木坑岩体、葛凹圩浅部岩体和葛凹圩深部岩体为完全隐伏岩体。6个岩体总体走向为NE和NNE向。然后利用研究区内4条剖面重(磁)资料反演了花岗岩的空间分布,进一步揭示了上述6个岩体的空间分布特征,其推断成果与利用平面重、磁资料推断成果一致,也与电法、地震剖面解释结果一致。     

Topographical controls on small‐volume pyroclastic flows

Emplacement of small‐volume (<0·1 km³) pyroclastic flows is significantly influenced by topography. The Arico ignimbrite on Tenerife (Canary Islands) is a characteristic small‐volume pyroclastic flow deposit emplaced on high relief topography. The pyroclastic flow flowed down pre‐existing valleys on the southern slopes of the island. In proximal areas deep (up to 100 m) valleys acted as efficient conduits for the pyroclastic flow, which was mostly channelled; in this particular area the ignimbrite corresponds to a homogeneous, moderately welded deposit, consisting of flattened pumices in an abundant ashy matrix with a relatively low lithic fragment content. In intermediate zones significant changes occur in the steepness of the slope and, although still channelled, here the pyroclastic flow was influenced by hydraulic jumps. In this area, two different units can be clearly distinguished in the ignimbrite: the lower unit is composed of a lithic‐rich ground‐layer deposit that formed at the turbulent, highly concentrated head of the flow; the upper unit consists of a well welded pumice‐rich deposit that occasionally reveals a basal layer formed by shearing with the lower part. This division into two units is maintained as far as distal areas near the present‐day coastline, where the slope is very gentle or null and the ignimbrite is not channelled. The ground layer is not found in distal areas. The ignimbrite here only consists of the upper unit, which is occasionally repeated due to a surging process provoked by the lower flow speed, as the pyroclastic flow spread out of the channelled zone. A theoretical model on how topography controlled the deposition of the Arico ignimbrite is derived by interpreting the observed lithological and sedimentological variations in terms of changes in topography and bedrock morphology. This new model is of general applicability and will help to explain other deposits of similar characteristics.     

复杂条件二维重力场及重力张量场空间波数域正演方法

随着传感器技术的发展,重力场与重力张量场测量技术发展迅速,为实现地下密度分布精细反演提供了数据保障。正演是反演的基础,解决任意密度分布复杂地质体重力场与重力张量正演高效、高精度计算问题,是实现重力高效、精细反演、人机交互反演解释的关键。针对起伏地形和任意密度分布这种复杂条件下二维重力场及重力张量场高效高精度正演问题,这里提出了一种空间波数混合域正演算法,其关键环节包括:①结合新的矩形二度体组合模型波数域表达式和一维Gauss-FFT算法,提出了一种任意密度分布和起伏地形下重力场及重力张量高效、高精度正演算法;②采用新的二维正演算法,计算观测最高点和最低点之间多个不同高度水平网格重力场及重力张量,结合三次样条插值方法,实现了起伏地形上重力场及重力张量场高效、高精度正演。模型算例结果表明,新方法具有高效、高精度的显著特点。     

非局部均值滤波在重力异常数据处理中的应用

根据小子域滤波原理,小子域滤波产生异常边界扭曲主要表现为高频干扰,提出小子域滤波与非局部均值滤波联合的方法以克服小子域滤波存在的异常边界扭曲问题。利用小子域滤波良好的边界增强能力和非局部均值滤波高频细节保护能力,在压制小子域滤波缺陷的同时尽可能保护小子域滤波的边界增强效果。通过模拟计算和莱州湾海域实测重力数据处理表明,本文方法在增强异常边界的同时压制小子域滤波产生的边界扭曲效应,获得了更好的重力异常处理效果。与单一小子域滤波相比,本文方法不需要考虑异常边界形态,具有更强的稳定性和普适性。     

开合旋构造体系及其形成机制探讨:兼论板块构造的动力学机制

开合构造总体上可以表述为:地球膨胀为开,收缩为合;垂向上地球物质离心(地心)运动为开,向心运动为合;水平方向上地球物质相背运动为开,相向运动为合。从驱动机制角度,我们把以热力(热能)为主体驱动的上浮物质运动定义为开;将重力(势能)为主体驱动的下沉物质运动定义为合。因此,开与合是一个高度综合的概念,具有广阔的内涵,开合运动是联系一切地质运动和地质科学的纽带。开合运动具有同步统一性,即垂向的开在水平方向也表现为开;垂向开得强烈,水平方向同样开得强烈,反之亦然。地球刚形成时诸多开合构造是无序的,地球的旋转运动统领地球上所有物质、能量、运动和大大小小的各种开合构造于旋转运动中,并将它们调剂到有序状态。简言之开合构造体系是开合旋运动长期作用下形成的不同时期、不同层次、不同级别的开合旋回组成的动态平衡构造体系。本文总结了地球开合旋构造体系物质组成、结构构造特征和规律,建立了开合旋复杂构造体系简要模型。提出平衡体系的形成机制是开合旋运动遵循地球重力均衡准则、最小内能原理(结晶化)、几何淘汰生长(垂直地心生长)和物质均匀化四条自然演化规律,其中重力均衡准则是主导的。由于地质事件(构造运动)在破坏开合旋平衡体系的同时,经常直接或间接向体系内输入新能量,往往使新的旋回比老旋回的结构构造更符合地质演化的自然规律,于是使地球显得更强大而有活力。这一次又一次的地质事件(构造运动)是开合旋构造体系螺旋式向前发展的动因。本文最后用开合构造观点探讨了地球的形成和演化,分析了板块构造运动的动力学过程。