Asymmetry in oceanic crustal structure of the South China Sea basin and its implications on mantle geodynamics

ABSTRACT

We investigated the oceanic crustal structure and lithospheric dynamics of the South China Sea (SCS) basin through a comprehensive analysis of residual gravity anomaly and bathymetry combined with seismic constraints and interpretation from geodynamic modelling. We first calculated the residual mantle Bouguer anomaly (RMBA) of the oceanic crustal regions of the SCS by removing from free-air gravity anomaly the predicted gravitational attractions of water-sediment, sediment-crust, and crust-mantle interfaces, as well as the effects of lithospheric plate cooling, using the latest crustal age constraints including IODP Expedition 349 and recent deep-tow magnetic surveys. We then calculated models of the gravity-derived crustal thickness and calibrated them using the available seismic refraction profiles of the SCS. The gravity-derived crustal thickness models correlate positively with seismically determined crustal thickness values. Our analysis revealed that the isochron-averaged RMBA are consistently more negative over the northern flank of the SCS basin than the southern conjugate for magnetic anomaly chrons C8n (~25.18 Ma) to C5Dn (~17.38 Ma), implying warmer mantle and/or thicker crust over much of the northern flank. Computational geodynamic modelling yielded the following interpretations: (1) Models of asymmetric and variable spreading rates based on the relatively high-resolution deep-tow magnetic analysis would predict alternating thicker and thinner crust at the northern flank than the southern conjugate, which is inconsistent with the observed systematically thicker crust on the northern flank. (2) Models of episodic southward ridge jumps could reproduce the observed N-S asymmetry, but only for crustal age of 23.6–20 Ma. (3) Southward migration of the SCS ridge axis would predict slightly thinner crust at the northern flank, which is inconsistent with the observations. (4) Models of higher mantle temperatures of up to 25–50°C or >2% less depleted mantle sources on the northern flank could produce large enough anomalies to explain the observed N-S asymmetries.     

复杂条件二维重力场及重力张量场空间波数域正演方法

随着传感器技术的发展,重力场与重力张量场测量技术发展迅速,为实现地下密度分布精细反演提供了数据保障。正演是反演的基础,解决任意密度分布复杂地质体重力场与重力张量正演高效、高精度计算问题,是实现重力高效、精细反演、人机交互反演解释的关键。针对起伏地形和任意密度分布这种复杂条件下二维重力场及重力张量场高效高精度正演问题,这里提出了一种空间波数混合域正演算法,其关键环节包括:①结合新的矩形二度体组合模型波数域表达式和一维Gauss-FFT算法,提出了一种任意密度分布和起伏地形下重力场及重力张量高效、高精度正演算法;②采用新的二维正演算法,计算观测最高点和最低点之间多个不同高度水平网格重力场及重力张量,结合三次样条插值方法,实现了起伏地形上重力场及重力张量场高效、高精度正演。模型算例结果表明,新方法具有高效、高精度的显著特点。     

云南省江城地区盐盆地重力勘探与深部找钾启示

云南省江城勐野井钾盐矿是目前我国发现的唯一固体钾盐矿.该地区地质构造复杂,近几年通过野外地质、地球物理及钻井勘探,认为钾盐来自深部侏罗系,并沿断裂构造带挤压塑流到表层,可能在深部还存在大面积的"盐源".为实现找矿突破,亟须了解控制盐矿形成的构造及围岩的三维结构特征.通过对江城地区高精度重力数据位场分离、边缘检测、3D物性反演的地球物理处理与解释,获得了勐野井地区江城湖盆的基底变化、断裂展布等地质信息,确定了研究区构造格架、地下密度体的三维分布与岩盐矿的关系,推断在勐野井矿区西北深部可能还有侏罗系盐岩甚至钾盐的存在,该地区将是未来找矿工作的重点.研究成果为江城地区下一步钾盐矿勘查提供了线索和依据.     

Digging into Google Earth: An analysis of “Crisis in Darfur”

Google publicists have suggested the Crisis in Darfur is an example of the Google Earth software’s “success at tangibly impacting what is happening on the ground.” Yet whether or not Google Earth’s interface, along with a medley of other media representations of the conflict, have impacted events on the ground or led to coherent policies of humanitarian intervention remains open to debate. This article draws upon critical approaches from media studies—namely discourse analysis—to analyze several aspects of the Google Earth/USHMM Crisis in Darfur project. While this project was no doubt developed with the noble intention of generating international awareness about widespread violence that has recently occurred in the Darfur region, it is important to evaluate how representations of global conflicts are changing with uses of new information technologies and whether such representations can actually achieve their desired impacts or effects. The article begins with a discussion of the Crisis in Darfur project’s history, proceeds to analyze some of the press coverage of the project and then moves to a critique of the layer using four categories of analysis: (1) the shifting role of satellite image; (2) the temporality of the interface; (3) the practice of conflict branding; and (4) the practice of “information intervention.” Throughout the article, I explore how the presentation of Darfur-related materials through Google Earth reproduces problematic Western tropes of African tragedy and misses an opportunity to generate public literacy around satellite images. I also consider how humanitarianism is intertwined with digital and disaster capitalism, and suggest that this instance of “information intervention” makes patently clear that high visual capital alone cannot resolve global conflicts.     

新疆喀拉通克铜镍矿田成矿条件、岩浆通道与成矿潜力分析

位于中亚造山带北缘的喀拉通克早二叠世铜镍硫化物矿区是新疆规模最大的铜镍矿山,包含13个岩体,相当部分为隐伏岩体,其中1号、2号、3号、9号矿床为主力矿床,经过30余年持续开发,最大开采深度已达740 m,已面临后备资源不足的危机。已知矿体主要产于辉长岩、苏长岩、辉长苏长岩以及橄榄苏长岩中,甚至角闪辉长岩局部也含矿,未见超镁铁岩产出,具有显著的磁性(200 nT)、重力(0.29×10~(-5)m/s~2)、激化率异常,以镁铁岩含矿、岩体规模小且成群成带、分异演化程度高、富铜(Cu/Ni约3:2)、PGE较高、块状硫化物贯入矿体普遍发育为特色。其围岩为含炭质板岩、片岩和凝灰岩,变形强烈,常规电法受到炭质层的干扰。依据岩石学、地球化学研究,岩浆源于软流圈地幔,基于与东天山同期铜镍矿床含矿岩相及其比例和剩余重力异常的比较,推断其应发育有相当比例的超镁铁岩,因而深部出现超基性岩的可能性很高,且含矿性应更好。这一推断得到坑道钻探的证实,2013年矿区在Y2岩体东段650~740 m深度和Y2岩体西段400~500 m深度发现隐伏超镁铁岩且含矿,局部见贯入块状矿体。橄榄辉石岩、辉石橄榄岩系矿区首次发现,粒度很细,发育强烈的蛇纹石化、纤闪石化,推测只是隐伏超基性岩的头部。结合控岩控矿构造的追溯及南、北岩带的侧伏和倾伏方向判断,硫化物珠滴构造的发现与系统观测统计,围岩烘烤边和角岩化的研究分析,提出南岩带主岩浆通道位于Y2与Y3岩体之间,而不是原普遍认为的岩浆通道位于Y1与Y2岩体之间。结合矿区的现状,提出采用高分辨率浅层地震、CSAMT和瞬变电磁地-井测量,结合传统的高精度重力勘探、磁法勘探和激发极化法来勘探和预测南岩带深部隐伏含矿超镁铁岩的空间位置和产状,圈定岩浆通道和隐伏铜镍矿体,进而推动北岩带和外围G21、22号岩体的深部探矿工作。     

芦山地震同震和震后地表形变及重力变化的理论模拟

为了研究芦山地震的孕震过程和震源区的长期构造过程以及解释实测的震后形变和重力资料, 采用分层介质模型, 利用数值模拟的方法, 考虑区域流变系数, 计算了地震引起的地表同震、震后的形变和重力变化以及区域内部分GPS与重力连续观测台站的震后形变和重力变化的时间序列.结果表明: 芦山地震的地表同震形变显示出发震断层明显的逆冲特性; 粘弹性松弛效应引起的震后地表形变和重力变化比同震形变和重力变化的范围明显扩大, 但随着粘滞系数的增加, 变化量明显减小; 观测台站的震后变化时变曲线显示震后形变和重力变化在震后50 a间变化显著, 100 a后基本平缓, 趋于稳定; 模拟计算的GPS台站中除了MEIG台和MYAN台以外, 其余台站的震后观测必须考虑粘弹性松弛的影响.      

太行山中段城南庄一带隐伏岩体及找矿前景分析

麻棚和赤瓦屋岩体都位于太行山中段热液金属矿成矿区内,在其周围已发现石湖石英脉大型金矿等60余处热液型矿床(点),其深部和外围可能存在找矿前景。本文通过探讨太行山中段城南庄一带遥感环形构造和重力负场特征与金属矿床和岩体的耦合关系,从城南庄卫星式-多层蘑菇群式遥感环形构造群、重力负场、中酸性岩脉侵入和温泉五种证据,推测城南庄深部存在比麻棚和赤瓦屋岩体大近六倍、面积约700 km~2的中酸性隐伏岩体—城南庄隐伏岩体。城南庄隐伏岩体边界基本与布格重力负异常边界吻合,呈长轴北东向宽缓带状展布,向南西方向倾伏,北侧埋深较浅、南侧埋深较深。城南庄隐伏岩体边部(特别是产状缓外倾,具有良好成矿空间的区域)和顶部与围岩的接触带位置、环形构造形成的晚期"小岩体"内部及附近位置和中酸性岩脉附近位置是寻找热液型矿床的有利部位。     

Advances, Problems and Prospects of Modern Geodesy Applied in Tibetan Geodynamic Changes

Modern geodetic techniques have developed rapidly in recent years, providing reliable observation data and new effective approaches, and greatly enhancing studies of the Tibetan geodynamics. For instance, the well-known GPS technique has been employed to measure seismic slips for many faults in the Tibetan Plateau. GPS data agree well with the hypothesis of a thickening crust and eastward mass flow. Moreover, absolute gravimetric data have been applied to interpret geophysical phenomena such as crust movement, co-seismic gravity change, GIA, and ground water change. The satellite gravity mission GRACE launched in 2002 provided global gravity models with unprecedentedly high precision and high spatial resolution. It has been used in implementing temporal gravity changes and improving our knowledge of the Earth’s interior, including lithosphere dynamics, mantle viscosity and rheology, plateau uplift, and subduction processing. It is noteworthy that gravity presents unique advantages for the study of Tibetan geodynamics because of its sensitivity to mass migration and dynamic redistribution. To date, great advances have been made in applying modern geodetic data in studying dynamic changes of Tibetan plateau. For instance, the horizontal displacement field from GPS data revealed dynamical characteristics of the present-day Tibetan plateau. The combination of gravity anomalies and topographic data describe the tectonic characteristics of Tibetan plateau. The combination of gravity data and GPS data show present properties of the Tibetan plateau such as crust thickening, Moho’s subsidence, and plateau uplift. GRACE data were used to estimate the distribution of ice/snow melting.     

不同重力场下静力触探试验离散元数值分析

采用离散元商业软件PFC2D对7种重力场下静力触探试验进行了对比分析试验,以研究高、低重力场下静力触探试验的异同点。数值试验结果表明：不同重力场下土体受静力触探贯入主要影响区域不同,低重力场下主要是上部土体受到影响,高重力场下主要是下部土体受到影响;归一化贯入阻力的最大值和稳定值、归一化球应力和偏应力的最大值均与重力加速度的倒数呈线性关系,均随重力加速度倒数的增加而增大;土体经历了明显的加载、卸载过程,重力加速度越小,加载、卸载现象越明显,同一重力加速度下上部土体加载、卸载程度大于下部土体。     

基于解释单元划分的多曲线联合确定地层原始沉积韵律

沉积韵律是控制厚层砂体内部水淹分布规律的主要控制因素。只有在同一口井内同一个沉积韵律内部各小层的电性特征才具有相对可比性,因此,也只有在同一口井同一个沉积韵律内部判断各小层水淹级别高低才更具有实际意义。以稳定泥岩隔层为划分标志,将测井曲线划分为与沉积韵律一一对应的解释单元。联合深（浅）电阻率曲线与密度测井曲线,以厚层砂体电阻率曲线的平均斜率倾斜角及密度曲线的相对重心为判别参数,利用计算机自动判别出每一个解释单元中所包含的原始沉积韵律类型。3口密闭取心井处理结果表明,本文方法可以有效地划分原始沉积韵律,与人工解释结果对比,符合率达到92.5%。