High-resolution remote sensing mapping of global land water

Land water, one of the important components of land cover, is the indispensable and important basic information for climate change studies, ecological environment assessment, macro-control analysis, etc. This article describes the overall study on land water in the program of global land cover remote sensing mapping. Through collection and processing of Landsat TM/ETM+, China’s HJ-1 satellite image, etc., the program achieves an effective overlay of global multi-spectral image of 30 m resolution for two base years, namely, 2000 and 2010, with the image rectification accuracy meeting the requirements of 1:200000 mapping and the error in registration of images for the two periods being controlled within 1 pixel. The indexes were designed and selected reasonably based on spectral features and geometric shapes of water on the scale of 30 m resolution, the water information was extracted in an elaborate way by combining a simple and easy operation through pixel-based classification method with a comprehensive utilization of various rules and knowledge through the object-oriented classification method, and finally the classification results were further optimized and improved by the human-computer interaction, thus realizing high-resolution remote sensing mapping of global water. The completed global land water data results, including Global Land 30-water 2000 and Global Land 30-water 2010, are the classification results featuring the highest resolution on a global scale, and the overall accuracy of self-assessment is 96%. These data are the important basic data for developing relevant studies, such as analyzing spatial distribution pattern of global land water, revealing regional difference, studying space-time fluctuation law, and diagnosing health of ecological environment.     

藏东南雅鲁藏布蛇绿混杂岩带的物质组成及形成环境

雅鲁藏布蛇绿混杂岩带位于藏东南南迦巴瓦峰地区(喜马拉雅东构造结),呈弧形大致沿雅鲁藏布江分布,出露宽度2～10km。带内岩石变质、变形强烈,按产状可分为两大类:基质和岩块(片)。岩块(片)包括蛇绿岩套中的超镁铁岩、辉绿岩墙和辉长岩,石英(片)岩,大理岩和两侧老基底片麻岩等。岩块(片)大小不一,大的延伸可>50km,小的仅约0.5m;基质是塑性变形十分强烈的绢云母石英片岩、二云母石英片岩、绿片岩等岩石组合。变质玄武岩岩石地球化学特征表明,该蛇绿混杂岩带可能由形成环境不同的“碎片”组成,包括弧前扩张带、岛弧、弧后盆地及洋岛等环境,是典型的消减带环境的蛇绿岩(SSZ)。初步的同位素年代学测试结果,说明蛇绿岩可能在200Ma前形成,比原认为距今110～120Ma要早得多,这一结果与该带其它地段的研究成果相似。     

遥感技术在国际工程地形图修测中的应用研究

进行国际工程建设,应用Ikonos高分辨率卫片结合外业地面测量,提取空间地理信息,修测1:10 000地形图,其方法是可靠和可行的.     

Assessing impervious area ratios of grid-based land-use classifications on the example of an urban watershed

ABSTRACT

When applying a distributed hydrological model in urban watersheds, grid-based land-use classification data with 10 m resolution are typically used in Japan. For urban hydrological models, the estimation of the impervious area ratio (IAR) of each land-use classification is a crucial factor for accurate runoff analysis. In order to assess the IAR accurately, we created a set of vector-based “urban landscape GIS delineation” data for a typical urban watershed in Tokyo. By superimposing the vector-based delineation map on the grid-based map, the IAR of each grid-based land-use classification was estimated, after calculating the IARs of all grid cells in the entire urban watershed. As a result, we were able to calculate the frequency distribution of IAR for each land-use classification, as well as the spatial distribution of IARs for the urban watershed. It is evident from the results that the reference values of IAR for the land-use classifications were estimated very roughly and inherited errors of between about 7% and 70%, which corresponds to more than 100 mm increase of direct runoff for the 1500 mm annual average precipitation.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Guest editor E. Volpi     

青海哈秀地区混杂岩主要特征及成因研究

目前有关蛇绿岩的定义、分类和成因等问题仍存在很大的争议,西金乌兰-金沙江缝合带作为青藏高原北部羌塘地区一条重要的板块碰撞带,在此缝合带西段已发现多处蛇绿混杂岩分布,哈秀地区亦位于缝合带的西段,但在哈秀地区是否存在蛇绿混杂岩,研究者存在不同认识。在前人研究成果和野外调查的基础上,对哈秀地区的混杂岩从岩石学、古生物学、地球化学特征及同位素年代学等方面进行了总结,分析认为哈秀地区无明显蛇绿混杂岩的特征,而是具有岛弧型火山岩的特征,其形成于晚二叠世大陆边缘裂谷环境中板块俯冲的产物,野外调查也未发现连续的成生地层剖面,因此哈秀地区应为构造混杂岩带。     

Formation of chaotic rock units during primary accretion processes: Examples from the Miura–Boso accretionary complex, central Japan

Chaotic rock units exposed in the upper part of the accretionary complex preserve detailed tectonic information related to the periods before, during, and immediately after accretion. Based on the detailed survey in the upper Miocene Miura–Boso accretionary complex, central Japan, three types of chaotic rock units were identified on the basis of the grain sizes and characteristics of blocks and surrounding matrices. The chaotic rock units composed of silt matrices and sandy to pebbly blocks (Type 3) formed by gravity-driven slumping upon the seafloor. The slumping occurred contemporaneously with deposition of the Misaki and Nishizaki Formations within the Izu–Bonin forearc. Vertical variations in the direction of slump vergence represent successive changes from an initially flat seabed to tilting to the northwest and finally to the southeast. Slumping with a northwest vergence indicates landward tilting of the seafloor immediately prior to accretion, whereas vergence to the southeast reflects oceanward tectonic tilting that occurred once the sediments had crossed the deformation front. Other chaotic rock units that have matrices abundant in sand and pebbles (Types 1, 2) formed as a result of subsurface liquefaction and injection associated with large earthquakes that occurred during and after accretion of the sediments. These chaotic rock units are useful in examining surface/subsurface changes such as tectonic tilting of the seafloor and earthquake events during the initial accretion process.     

东昆仑南缘布青山地区得力斯坦花岗闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

布青山构造混杂岩带地处青藏高原东北缘,是东昆仑南缘一条重要的构造单元边界,带内构造岩浆活动强烈,早古生代—晚古生代中酸性侵入岩较发育。采用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测年技术,对研究区内得力斯坦花岗闪长岩进行高精度的年代学测试,获得~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄加权平均值为414.3±1.8Ma,表明其侵位时间为晚志留世—早泥盆世。结合前人研究成果,认为得力斯坦花岗闪长岩是洋壳俯冲板块部分熔融的产物,暗示布青山地区原特提斯洋向北俯冲可能持续到晚志留世—早泥盆世,进而为研究东昆仑地区的地质构造演化提供新的约束。     

西南三江地区洋板块地层特征及构造演化

以大地构造研究为主导,初步梳理了三江地区洋板块地层系统的分布及其构造演化规律。本文阐述了三江地区经历原-古特提斯大洋连续演化、分阶段拼贴增生至最终俯冲消亡的地质演化历程。甘孜-理塘弧后洋盆于早石炭世打开,二叠纪—中三叠世进入顶峰扩张期,晚三叠世洋盆萎缩引起向西俯冲,最终在晚三叠世末局部地区保留残留海。哀牢山弧后洋盆不晚于早石炭世形成,早石炭世—早二叠世整体扩张发育,早二叠世末或晚二叠世初开始向西俯冲,晚三叠世最终完全关闭。金沙江洋盆早石炭世时已扩张成洋,到早二叠世晚期开始俯冲,石炭纪—早二叠世早期是金沙江洋盆扩张的主体时期,早二叠世晚期至早、中三叠世俯冲消亡。澜沧江弧后洋盆中晚泥盆世开始扩张,在石炭纪—早二叠世发育为成熟洋盆,早二叠世晚期洋内俯冲形成洋内弧,晚二叠世—早、中三叠世双向俯冲消亡。昌宁-孟连洋为特提斯洋主带,具有原-古特提斯洋连续演化的地质记录,晚奥陶世开始向东俯冲消减,二叠纪末、早三叠世发生弧-陆碰撞作用,昌宁-孟连洋盆闭合。     

扬子陆块西缘中元古代菜子园蛇绿混杂岩的厘定及其地质意义

对扬子陆块西缘会理关河—通安地区菜子园蛇绿混杂岩进行了厘定。菜子园蛇绿混杂岩主要以强烈剪切变形的基质和洋板构造岩块混杂堆积为特征。基质主要有变质粉砂岩、板岩、硅质板岩、片岩、千枚岩等。洋板构造岩块由蛇纹岩、辉长岩、玄武岩、硅质岩、大理岩等组成,部分地区玄武岩保留枕状构造,各岩块之间为构造接触关系。菜子园蛇绿混杂岩中桃树湾辉长岩和玄武岩具有轻稀土元素亏损、类似N-MORB(正常洋中脊玄武岩)的稀土元素配分模式,相对于N-MORB富集大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta高场强元素,极低的Nb/U(9.74)、Nb/Th(3.02)和V/Ti(0.1)平均值,具典型MORB-like玄武岩(前弧玄武岩-FAB)地球化学特征,认为可能形成于洋内弧环境。桃树湾辉长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素定年表明,辉长岩的年龄为1375±7Ma(MSWD=1.2,n=21),可能代表菜子园-通安洋洋壳初始俯冲的时间。菜子园蛇绿混杂岩的厘定,对重新认识通安群(通安组)的属性,研究扬子陆块西缘古—中元古代地层系统、地质演化、岩浆作用、构造定位,重新划分扬子陆块基底大地构造单元,以及探索全球Columbia超大陆裂解到Rodinia超大陆汇聚的演化过程等都具有重要意义。     

Structures and detrital zircon ages of the Devonian–Permian Tarbagatay accretionary complex in west Junggar,China: imbricated ocean plate stratigraphy and implications for amalgamation of the CAOB

ABSTRACT

The Tarbagatay Complex, located in northwest Junggar, is situated tectonically between the Zharma–Saur arc to the north and the Tacheng terrane and the Boshchekol–Chingiz arc to the south. This Complex belt is variably composed of ophiolitic mélange, sedimentary mélange, and coherent units of turbidites and shallow water sediments. These rocks crop out in fault-bound slices with fault-parallel asymmetric folds. Both the lithologies and deformation features of the Tarbagatay Complex suggest an accretionary origin generally with a top-to-the-south tectonic vergence, suggesting N-dipping subduction beneath the Zharma–Saur arc. The presence of a former ocean is indicated by the Ordovician ophiolite mélanges and related marine fossils. The time duration of the Tarbagatay Complex can be bracketed by detrital zircon ages of turbidites and shallow water sediments with a lower limit of major peak ages of 350–370 Ma, and an upper limit of middle Permian indicated by detrital zircon ages of 262.3 Ma. Based on these data, we suggest that the subduction of the Tarbagatay Ocean likely started in the Late Devonian and lasted until the middle Permian. Taking into account the formation of the northern part of the Kazakhstan orocline, which has a similar temporal-spatial framework, we propose a tectonic model for the western CAOB that involves accretion and amalgamation from the Ordovician to the middle Permian.