Heat flow and crustal thermal structure in the Late Archaean Closepet Granite batholith,south India

The Late Archaean Closepet Granite batholith in south India is exposed at different crustal levels grading from greenschist facies in the north through amphibolite and granulite facies in the south along a ∼400 km long segment in the Dharwar craton. Two areas, Pavagada and Magadi, located in the Main Mass of the batholith, best represent the granitoid of the greenschist and amphibolite facies crustal levels respectively. Heat flow estimates of 38 mW m⁻² from Pavagada and 25 mW m⁻² from Magadi have been obtained through measurements in deep (430 and 445 m) and carefully sited boreholes. Measurements made in four boreholes of opportunity in Pavagada area yield a mean heat flow of 39 ± 4 (s.d.) mW m⁻², which is in good agreement with the estimate from deep borehole. The study, therefore, demonstrates a clear-cut heat flow variation concomitant with the crustal levels exposed in the two areas. The mean heat production estimates for the greenschist facies and amphibolite facies layers constituting the Main Mass of the batholith are 2.9 and 1.8 μW m⁻³, respectively. The enhanced heat flow in the Pavagada area is consistent with the occurrence of a radioelement-enriched 2-km-thick greenschist facies layer granitoid overlying the granitoid of the amphibolite facies layer which is twice as thick as represented in the Magadi area. The crustal heat production models indicate similar mantle heat flow estimates in the range 12–14 mW m⁻², consistent with the other parts of the greenstone-granite-gneiss terrain of the Dharwar craton.     

Isotope geochemistry and Re–Os geochronology of the Yanjiagou Mo deposit in the central North China Craton

The Yanjiagou deposit, located in the central North China Craton (NCC), is a newly found porphyry‐type Mo deposit. The Mo mineralization here is spatially associated with the Mapeng batholith. In this study, we identify four stages of ore formation in this deposit: pyrite phyllic stage (I), quartz–pyrite stage (II), quartz–pyrite–molybdenite stage (III), which is the main mineralization stage, and quartz–carbonate stage (IV). We present sulphur and lead isotope data on pyrite, and rhenium and osmium isotopes of molybdenite from the porphyry deposit and evaluate the timing and origin of ore formation. The δ³⁴S values of the pyrite range from ‐1.1‰ to −0.6‰, with an average of −0.875‰, suggesting origin from a mixture of magmatic/mantle sources and the basement rocks. The Pb isotope compositions of the pyrite show a range of 16.369 to 17.079 for ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 15.201 to 15.355 for ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, and 36.696 to 37.380 for ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, indicating that the ore‐forming materials were derived from a mixture of lower crust (or basement rocks) and mantle. Rhenium contents in molybdenite samples from the main ore stage are between 74.73 to 254.43 ppm, with an average of 147.9 ppm, indicating a mixed crustal‐mantle source for the metal. Eight molybdenite separates yield model ages ranging from 124.17 to 130.80 Ma and a mean model age of 128.46 Ma. An isochron age of 126.7 ± 1.1 Ma (MSWD = 2.1, initial ¹⁸⁷Os = 0.0032 ± 0.0012 ppb) is computed, which reveals a close link between the Mo mineralization and the magmatism that generated the Mapeng batholith. The age is close to the zircon U–Pb age of ca. 130 Ma from the batholith reported in a recent study. The age is also consistent with the timing of mineralization in the Fuping ore cluster in the central NCC, as well as the peak time of lithosphere thinning and destruction of the NCC. We evaluate the spatio‐temporal distribution of the Mo deposits in the NCC and identify three important molybdenum provinces along the northern and southern margins of the craton formed during three distinct episodes: Middle to Late Triassic (240–220 Ma), Early Jurassic (190–175 Ma), and Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous (150–125 Ma). The third period is considered to mark the most important metallogenic event, coinciding with the peak of lithosphere thinning and craton destruction in the NCC. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

藏南冈底斯岩基东段朗县杂岩早白垩世岩浆作用:新特提斯洋二次俯冲

新特提斯洋长期俯冲消减作用在早白垩世可能经历二次俯冲启动或板片俯冲几何形态的重大转换。确定西藏南部冈底斯岩基早白垩世岩浆作用的岩石地球化学特征和作用方式是甄别上述过程的关键,对理解新特提斯洋的俯冲演化过程至关重要。本文就冈底斯岩基东段朗县杂岩中保存的各类早白垩世岩浆岩,开展了锆石U-Pb地质年代学和Hf同位素、全岩元素和同位素（Sr-Nd）组成分析。数据结果表明：1）基性岩侵位时代为早白垩世晚期（103.6~100.8Ma）,为高钾钙碱性偏铝质岩石,锆石ε_Hf（t）=+0.3~+5.7,全岩ε_Nd（t）=-0.8和-0.3,暗示其岩浆源区具有大量俯冲沉积物或流体的混入,为沉积物熔体和流体交代的地幔楔物质部分熔融的产物,经历了一定程度的角闪石分离结晶作用;2）中性岩形成于99.8~97.6Ma,略晚于基性岩,其主量元素与基性岩具有较好的线性关系,全岩ε_Nd（t）=+1.1,具有较多的地幔物质参与,为基性岩浆进一步演化形成;3）酸性岩（脉体）记录了多阶段岩浆作用（124.1~95.3Ma）,根据同位素组成不同进一步划分为两类,第一类具有较低的全岩ε_Nd（t）值（-8.3~-6.0）,其岩浆源区显示富集特征,t_DM2=1385~1586Ma,由古老地壳物质的再熔融形成;第二类的锆石ε_Hf（t）值（-2.8~+3.2）变化较大,岩脉的锆石ε_Hf（t）=+0.4~+8.1,t_DM=428~906Ma,全岩ε_Nd（t）=+0.1和+0.8,表明岩浆源区具有不均一性,为古老地壳物质被富流体地幔岩浆改造形成;和4）镁铁质包体的主量元素与寄主花岗岩具有较好的线性关系,锆石的Hf同位素组成变化较大（ε_Hf（t）=-9.3~+4.1）,变化范围可达13个ε单位,为岩浆混合成因。寄主花岗岩和角闪辉长岩分别作为酸性和基性端元,是基性岩浆与其诱发古老地壳熔融形成的花岗质岩浆经混合形成。结合冈底斯岩基早白垩世岩浆岩的研究结果,朗县杂岩在早白垩世（124~97Ma）的岩浆作用具有明显的岩浆混合现象,锆石Hf和全岩Sr-Nd同位素组成变化较大,可达13个ε单位,其岩浆源区复杂且富含流体,代表了新特提斯洋在早期（240~144Ma）经历漫长的俯冲之后,在早白垩世时期（~120Ma）俯冲带发生跃迁或俯冲角度达到临界点,导致大量俯冲沉积物和流体沿俯冲带俯冲下去,与发生部分熔融的地幔楔物质混合,底侵导致上覆古老地壳物质的再熔融,形成早白垩世复杂的岩浆岩组合,很可能是新特提斯洋二次俯冲开始的标志。     

华北陆块南缘中生代合峪花岗岩的地球化学特征与成因

合峪花岗岩基位于华北陆块南缘外方山地区,为豫西地区燕山期最大的岩基,出露总面积达784km2,有多期侵入的特点,可划分为6个单元。主要岩石类型为黑云母二长花岗岩。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄资料表明,合峪花岗岩基侵位时间为148.2~135.3Ma。合峪花岗岩基的SiO2=67.16%~75.43%,Al2O3=13.29%~15.92%,MgO=0.26%~1.12%,K2O+Na2O8%,Na2O/K2O=0.88~1.43,属于高钾钙碱性系列,ACNK=0.94~1.09,为准铝质-弱过铝质花岗岩。岩体轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损((La/Yb)N=14.5×10-6~49.9×10-6,平均值27.2×10-6),Sr含量变化较大(102×10-6~848×10-6,平均290×10-6),Y、Yb含量低(Y=3.21×10-6~17.3×10-6;Yb=0.43×10-6~2.16×10-6),Eu弱亏损(δEu=0.57~0.89),反映熔体发生过长石分离结晶作用,源岩部分熔融生成熔体时残留相组合中没有或很少有长石的存在。合峪花岗岩基ISr=0.7071~0.7090,εSr(t)=40.8~65.9,εNd(t)=-16.4~-11.2,其tDM2为1.85~2.27Ga;锆石的εHf(t)主要集中于-25.39~-5.25之间,tDM2年龄介于1301~2846Ma。同位素数据显示合峪花岗岩基的源岩主要为南秦岭及扬子地块结晶基底,还混有少量熊耳群及太华群的物质。综合区域地质演化,认为合峪花岗岩基形成于秦岭造山带中生代陆内俯冲,岩石圈增厚,幔源岩浆上涌底侵导致下地壳部分熔融形成。     

桂北苗儿山地区高岭印支期花岗岩及石英脉型钨成矿作用

高岭石英脉型钨矿床位于桂北苗儿山—越城岭岩体南部,根据花岗岩中含有斑晶与否,将其与矿关系密切的花岗岩分为两种:一种为中细粒似斑状二云母花岗岩,一种为中细粒二云母花岗岩;岩石地球化学表明,成矿花岗岩具有高硅、准铝—弱过铝、高分异S型特征。岩体稀土总量中等—偏低,富集轻稀土、Cs、Rb、Th、U、Pb元素,相对亏损重稀土、Ba、Sr和Ti元素;利用锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb原位定年方法,对两种花岗岩中的锆石进行了定年分析,获得侵位年龄分别为224.9±1.4、220.2±1.6Ma,该数据为印支期岩浆活动的产物。除此之外,本文首次对高岭石英脉型钨矿的白钨矿石进行了Sm-Nd同位素分析,获得了钨成矿年龄为212±20Ma,数据表明钨成矿作用也发生在印支期,这再一次证实了南岭西部的苗儿山与越城岭地区存在较广泛的印支期成岩与成矿作用。对钨矿石的镜下和电子探针背散射图像的详细研究表明,高岭钨矿经历了两个主要的成矿阶段:(1)黑钨矿—白钨矿—石英阶段,(2)白钨矿(黑钨矿)—硫化物—石英阶段。白钨矿εNd(t)=-8.88~-9.39,为负值,这与成矿母岩属S型花岗岩相吻合,它们都属于古老壳源物质重熔作用的产物,而形成白钨矿的物质,则来自于重熔型花岗岩岩浆高度分异演化形成的富含成矿元素的成矿流体。     

Brittle–ductile–brittle deformation during cooling of tonalite (Adamello, Southern Italian Alps)

Late- to post-magmatic deformation in slightly diachronous contiguous intrusions of the north-western Adamello batholith (Southern Alps, Italy) is recorded as, from oldest to youngest: (i) joints, (ii) solid-state ductile shear zones, (iii) faults associated with epidote-K-feldspar veins and (iv) zeolite veins and faults. Structures (ii) to (iv) are localized on the pervasive precursory network of joints (i), which developed during the earliest stages of pluton cooling. High temperature ( 500 °C), ductile overprinting of joints produced lineations, defined by aligned biotite and hornblende, on the joint surfaces and highly localized mylonites. The main phase of faulting, producing cataclasites and pseudotachylytes, occurred at  250 °C and was associated with extensive fluid infiltration. Cataclasites and pseudotachylytes are clustered along different E–W-striking dextral strike-slip fault zones correlated with the activity of the Tonale fault, a major tectonic structure that bounds the Adamello batholith to the north. Ductile deformation and cataclastic/veining episodes occurred at P = 0.25–0.3 GPa during rapid cooling of the batholith to the ambient temperatures ( 250 °C) that preceded the exhumation of the batholith. Timing of the sequence of deformation can be constrained by ³⁹Ar–⁴⁰Ar ages of  30 Ma on pseudotachylytes and various existing mineral ages. In the whole composite Adamello batholith, multiple magma pulses were intruded over the time span 42–30 Ma and each intrusive body shows the same ductile-to-brittle structural sequence localized on the early joint sets. This deformation sequence of the Adamello might be typical of intrusions undergoing cooling at depths close to the brittle–ductile transition.     

Scale of pluton/wall rock interaction near May Lake,Yosemite National Park,CA, USA

Interaction of magma with wall rock is an important process in igneous petrology, but the mechanisms by which interactions occur are poorly known. The western outer granodiorite of the Cretaceous Tuolumne Intrusive Suite of Yosemite National Park, California, intruded a variety of metasedimentary and igneous wall rocks at 93.1 Ma. The May Lake metamorphic screen is a metasedimentary remnant whose contact zone exhibits a variety of interaction phenomena including xenolith incorporation, disaggregation, and partial melting. The chemical contrast of these metasedimentary rocks with the invading pluton provides an excellent measure of pluton/wall rock interactions. Wall rock xenoliths (mostly pelitic quartzite) are predominantly located in an elongate horizon surrounded by a hybridized fine-grained granodiorite. Initial Sr and Nd isotopic ratios of the hybridized granodiorite indicate significant local incorporation of crustal material. Major- and trace-element geochemical data indicate that contamination of the granodiorite occurred via selective assimilation of both high-K and low-K, high-silica partial melts derived from pelitic quartzite. Although the hybridized granodiorite shows significant amounts of contamination, adjacent to xenoliths the proportion of contamination is undetectable more than a meter away. These results indicate that the chemical and isotopic variability of the Tuolumne Intrusive Suite is not caused by magma contamination via in situ wall rock assimilation.     

藏南冈底斯岩基东段中新世中酸性高Sr/Y比岩浆岩的地球化学特征及成因探讨

藏南冈底斯带广泛发育中新世中酸性高Sr/Y比岩浆岩,对该类型岩石的成因研究可为藏南后碰撞岩浆活动提供良好的记录和约束。通过对冈底斯带东段中酸性岩浆岩进行锆石U-Pb年代学研究表明,该中酸性岩浆岩形成于16～18Ma,为中新世时期;全岩地球化学数据表明岩浆岩具有高SiO_2含量( 64%),高钾富钠,高Sr、低Y和高Sr/Y比,轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损且较平坦的特征,显示出埃达克质岩的地球化学亲缘性;与冈底斯带中段～14Ma埃达克质闪长玢岩脉相比,冈底斯带东段的中新世岩浆岩具有更高的K含量;锆石Hf同位素分析结果表明,中新世中酸性岩浆岩具有正的且变化较大的εHf(t)值(+1. 2～+14. 4);全岩(La/Yb)N值对中新世地壳厚度的估算结果为77～84km,处于壳幔边界处。综合上述数据分析表明,冈底斯带东段中新世中酸性高Sr/Y岩浆岩的成因为拉萨地块加厚下地壳(占主体的新生下地壳+少量古老地壳)的部分熔融,并在源区残留了石榴子石和角闪石,造成熔融的热量来源可能为拉萨地体岩石圈根部拆沉导致的热扰动。     

川西稻城岩体岩浆混合作用：矿物学特征的证据

义敦岛弧形成于晚三叠世大规模俯冲造山作用过程中,位于松潘甘孜地体和羌塘地体之间。稻城边部岩体是义敦岛弧带内规模巨大的复式花岗质岩体,由花岗岩、花岗闪长岩和钾长花岗岩组成。大量暗色镁铁质微粒包体发育于花岗闪长岩和钾长花岗岩中,且其与寄主岩石的接触界线明显。暗色镁铁质微粒包体具有细粒结构,发育石英眼构造、针状磷灰石和具环带结构的斜长石斑晶。文中以稻城岩体寄主岩石和暗色微粒包体中斜长石、黑云母和角闪石为研究对象,开展岩相学和电子探针原位化学成分分析,厘定了矿物形成的物理化学条件,探讨了岩浆混合作用过程及其形成的构造环境。研究表明：花岗闪长岩和暗色微粒包体中的斜长石主要为中长石,其核部呈浑圆状;前者核部的An值(21~50)显著高于幔部(21~34);后者则发育典型的突变环带,An值(29~44)呈波状变化且相对集中。暗色微粒包体与寄主花岗闪长岩中斜长石的An值部分重叠表明二者形成过程中存在含量的岩浆混合作用。斜长石环带中的An值随Al2O3、FeO、MgO和CaO含量的升高而升高,但随SiO2、Na2O和K2O含量的升高而降低。寄主岩石和暗色微粒包体中角闪石富镁铁,阳离子特征为：CaB=1.56~1.75,Ti=0.08~0.13,属于钙质角闪石,具壳源特征,其结晶温度分别为697~725 ℃和680~705 ℃。花岗闪长岩中黑云母的Mg/(Mg+Fe2+)为0.37~0.45,显示出富Fe贫Ca、Mg,属于典型的岩浆成因黑云母。黑云母TiO2含量变化范围为3.54%~4.62%,Al2O3含量变化范围为13.89%~15.15%;黑云母的氧化系数为0.08~0.11,Mg#为0.39~0.46,MF值为0.36~0.44,单位分子中阳离子数AlⅥ为0.03~0.11,以单位分子中Ti和Al阳离子数计算的黑云母结晶温度为584~624 ℃,表明其结晶温度较高,具壳幔混源特征。稻城岩体是以壳源为主的壳幔混源成因的I型花岗岩,暗色微粒包体是由镁铁质岩浆与长英质岩浆不同程度的混合作用形成的。     

青藏高原冈底斯带南部的紫苏花岗岩：安第斯型造山作用的证据

青藏高原南部白垩纪形成的冈底斯岩基是新特提斯大洋岩石圈向北部的欧亚大陆之下俯冲形成的安第斯型会聚板块边缘的重要组成部分。已经有研究证明,冈底斯岩基主要由钙碱性和埃达克质的花岗闪长岩组成,但本文报道了在冈底斯带东南缘产出的紫苏花岗岩。这种岩石主要由中长石、微斜长石、顽火辉石、透辉石、石英、富钛的黑云母和角闪石组成。在化学成分上,其铁镁指数FeO/（FeO+MgO）=0.47~0.50,钙碱指数MALI为-3.97~+0.11, 铝饱和指数ASI为0.83~0.92,是典型的镁质、钙碱性、准铝质紫苏花岗岩。计算出的结晶温度为850~950℃,压力>0.4GPa,形成深度为13~15km。紫苏花岗岩中的锆石为岩浆结晶成因,两个样品的U-Pb定年分别给出了87Ma的相同加权平均年龄。岩石学和地球化学特征表明,冈底斯带南缘晚白垩纪的紫苏花岗岩形成在典型的大陆岩浆弧环境。紫苏花岗岩和伴生高温麻粒岩的存在为冈底斯带在晚中生代经历的安第斯型造山作用提供了更加确凿的证据。