Structure of the Wollaston Lake Reflector (Trans-Hudson Orogen, Canada) from reflection AVO analysis: Fractured diabase intrusion, fluids, or silicified shear zone?

A nearly 160-km long Wollaston Lake Reflector (WLR) observed in seismic reflection profile S2b of the 1994 Lithoprobe Trans-Hudson Orogen transect (THOT) in northern Saskatchewan (Canada) is among the most spectacular and well-recorded features imaged within the crystalline crust. Based on modeling of its normal-incidence reflectivity, the observed bright spot reflector was originally interpreted as a series of tabular diabase intrusions. In order to further elucidate its structure, we reprocessed line S2b and analysed the WLR for the Amplitude Variations with Offset (AVO). By contrast to conventional (approximate) AVO analysis, we used the exact Zoeppritz equations and considered a thin-layer (mixed positive and negative polarities) reflectivity. The results suggest two possible interpretations of the WLR: 1) the reflector caused by a massive mafic intrusion as suggested earlier, in which case the intruded rocks should have anomalous Poisson's ratios of σ ≥ 0.33, and 2) the WLR represents a silicified shear zone, with only moderate (e.g.,  5–10%) alteration of the host rock and σ ≈ 0.2. Although both of these models may to some extent co-exist within the WLR, its brightness, sharpness, great lateral extent and smooth shape favour the second interpretation.In both models, a fractured fluid-filled zone within a major crustal detachment should have played a key role in the formation of the WLR. The association of the reflector with laterally- and depth-migrating fluids is also supported by magneto-telluric measurements of crustal conductivity beneath the WLR. Analogies from the studies of the Kola Superdeep Borehole (Russia), where free or metamorphic fluids were found at comparable depths, also suggest that fluids may contribute to WLR structure and formation.     

勉略构造带新元古代洋盆俯冲作用：来自略阳地区纸房沟岩片火山岩锆石U- Pb年龄和Lu- Hf同位素的证据

纸房沟岩片位于勉略构造带略阳地区。通过细致的岩石学和地球化学研究,将纸房沟岩片内的火山岩分为拉斑玄武岩系列（Ⅰ类）和钙碱性火山岩系列（Ⅱ类）。Ⅰ类火山岩稀土配分曲线左倾,富Na贫P,整体具有N- MORB特点,形成于洋脊构造环境。相比Ⅰ类火山岩,Ⅱ类火山岩具有更高的SiO2(49.02％~61.86％)和K2O(0.32％~1.55％)含量,相对亏损Nb、Ta、P和Ti,形成于陆缘弧构造环境。Ⅱ类火山岩锆石Lu- Hf同位素测试结果显示,εHf(t)值主体为负值,介于-8.01~+0.77,表明其主要为古老地壳物质熔融成因。Ⅱ类火山岩LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb测年结果为854±3Ma(MSWD=0.12, n=30)、844±4Ma (MSWD=0.03, n=15),表明纸房沟岩片火山岩结晶时代为新元古代早中期。综合前人成果认为,纸房沟岩片火山岩为新元古代勉略洋盆俯冲的产物,俯冲作用一直持续到800Ma左右,该俯冲过程很可能是对全球性Rodinia超大陆聚合事件的响应。     

云南金平县阿德博独居石矿床成矿时代及地质意义

西南三江地区是我国重要的成矿区带之一,具有复合叠加成矿特征。阿德博独居石矿床位于云南省金平县境内,印度地块、哀牢山-金沙江断裂带南侧,属于哀牢山隆起的东南延伸部分。该矿床赋存于花岗质风化壳中,岩性主要有片麻状花岗岩、二长花岗岩、花岗片麻岩;矿体中主要含有独居石,少量磷钇矿、锆石、金红石、钛铁矿、榍石。岩体中片麻状花岗岩的锆石U-Pb谐和年龄为31.40±0.16Ma(MSWD=7.8),二长花岗岩的锆石U-Pb谐和年龄为34.52±0.22 Ma(MSWD=1.3),表明阿德博岩体形成于新生代古近纪,与三江地区构造体制转换阶段富碱斑岩体的成矿时期一致。片麻状花岗岩中45个锆石Hf同位素数据结果较均一,(~(176)Hf/~(177)Hf)i比值范围为0.282583～0.282712,平均为0.282633,εHf(t=31.40 Ma)范围为-6.00～-1.44,平均值为-4.21。二长花岗岩中13个锆石Hf同位素数据结果变化范围较大,(~(176)Hf/~(177)Hf)i=0.282484～0.282814(平均值为0.282681),εHf(t=31.40 Ma)=-9.43～2.22(平均值为-2.45);其中有8粒锆石的εHf(t)为负值,5颗锆石的εHf(t)为正值,暗示岩体的源区主要为地壳物质的部分熔融,可能有地幔物质的混合。     

湘黔桂新元古代拉伸纪晚期地层年代格架对比及关键地质事件初探

湘黔桂地区发育一套完整的新元古代拉伸纪晚期地层(下江群及其相当地层),是研究扬子克拉通与华夏板块碰撞拼接后华南大陆裂谷盆地演化的重要载体。本文报道了贵州省铜仁市万山区清水江组上部、平略组底部及中部变质凝灰岩和沉凝灰岩的年龄,分别为(763.8±5.5) Ma(N=24,MSWD=0.29)、(760.2±4.1) Ma(N=25,MSWD=0.39)、(759.1±3.9) Ma(N=26,MSWD=0.38)。通过对湘黔桂地区下江群及其相当地层中已有火山岩、火山碎屑沉积岩、含凝灰质岩石年龄的系统梳理与分析研究,进一步确定下江群其及相当地层的沉积时限在822~715 Ma,桂北丹洲群三门街组玄武岩是在武陵造山后伸展背景下湘黔桂地区裂谷最大裂陷时期的产物,清水江组与平略组内大量的火山物质可能来源于江南造山带东段800~760 Ma的中酸性喷出岩。结合地层、岩性、年代特征,本文恢复了湘黔桂盆地新元古代拉伸纪晚期的演化历史,并认为该套地层符合建立下江系条件。     

Mineralogy,Fluid Inclusion,and Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Studies of the Intrusion‐Related Yangla Cu Deposit in the Sanjiang Region,SW China: Implications for Metallogenesis and Deposit Type

The Yangla deposit is an intrusion‐related Cu deposit in the Jinshajiang tectonic belt (eastern Sanjiang region, SW China). Despite extensive studies that have been conducted on this deposit, the relationship between the granitic magma and Cu mineralization is still unclear, and hence, the genesis is debated. To answer this question, we conducted an integrated study of mineralogy, fluid inclusions (FIs), and hydrogen and oxygen (H‐O) isotopes. Three mineralization stages were identified based on the ore textures, alteration zonation, and crosscutting relationships: (i) pre‐ore prograde skarn (stage I), with the garnet and pyroxene dominated by andradite and diopside, respectively; (ii) syn‐ore retrograde alteration (stage II), which is subdivided into the early syn‐ore stage (stage IIa) marked by retrograde hydrated mineral assemblages and significant Fe‐Cu‐Mo‐Pb‐Zn sulfide mineralization, and the late syn‐ore stage (stage IIb) featured by quartz‐calcite veins; and (iii) late supergene mineralization (stage III), which is characterized by secondary azurite and malachite. These results of mineralogy, FIs, and H‐O isotopes indicate that: (i) Cu mineralization has a close temporal, spatial, and genetic relationship with skarn alteration; (ii) the ore fluids were magmatic dominated with late‐stage meteoric water incursion; and (iii) Type‐S (halite‐bearing) and Type‐V (vapor‐rich) FIs coexisted in garnet and clinopyroxene of stage I, indicating that fluid boiling might have occurred during this stage. From stage I to stage IIa, the FI type transformed from Type‐S + Type‐V + Type‐L (liquid‐rich) to Type‐V + Type‐L with the conduct of mineralization and was accompanied by the disappearance of Type‐S, and homogenization temperature and salinity also tended to decrease dramatically, which may be caused by the deposition of skarn minerals. At stage IIa, boiling of the ore fluids still continued due to the change from lithostatic to hydrostatic pressure, which triggered the precipitation of abundant quartz‐Cu‐Mo‐Fe sulfides. Furthermore, fluid mixing between a high‐temperature magmatic fluid and a low‐temperature meteoric water might cause a considerable drop in temperature and the deposition of Cu‐bearing quartz/calcite veins during stage IIb. Hence, we consider the Yangla deposit to be of a skarn type, genetically related to the Mesozoic magmatism in the Sanjiang region.     

Integrated Radiolaria,benthic foraminifera and conodont biochronology of the pelagic Permian blocks/tectonic slices and geochemistry of associated volcanic rocks from the Mersin Mélange,southern Turkey: Implications for the Permian evolution of the northern Neotethys

Blocks and tectonic slices within the Mersin Mélange (southern Turkey), which are of Northern Neotethyan origin (Izmir–Ankara–Erzincan Ocean (IAE)), were studied in detail by using radiolarian, conodont, and foraminiferal assemblages on six different stratigraphic sections with well‐preserved Permian succesions. The basal part of the Permian sequence, composed of alternating chert and mudstone with basic volcanics, is assigned to the late Asselian (Early Permian) based on radiolarians. The next basaltic interval in the sequence is dated as Kungurian. The highly alkaline basic volcanics in the sequence are extremely enriched, similar to kimberlitic/lamprophyric magmas generated at continental intraplate settings. Trace element systematics suggest that these lavas were generated in a continental margin involving a metasomatized subcontinental lithospheric mantle source (SCLM). The middle part of the Permian sequences, dated by benthic foraminifera and conodont assemblages, includes detrital limestones with chert interlayers and neptunian dykes of middle Wordian to earliest Wuchiapingian age. Higher in the sequence, detrital limestones are overlain by alternating chert and mudstone with intermittent microbrecciated beds of early Wuchiapingian to middle Changhsingian (Late Permian) age based on the radiolarians. A large negative shift at the base of the Lopingian at the upper part of section is correlated to negative shifts at the Guadalupian/Lopingian boundary associated with the end‐Guadalupian mass extinction event. All these findings indicate that a continental rift system associated with a possible mantle plume existed during the late Early to Late Permian period. This event was responsible for the rupturing of the northern Gondwanan margin related to the opening of the IAE Ocean. When the deep basinal features of the Early Permian volcano‐sedimentary sequence are considered, the proto IAE oceanic crust formed possibly before the end of the Permian. This, in turn, suggests that the opening of the IAE Ocean dates back to as early as the Permian.     

河南省济源盆地下侏罗统鞍腰组重力流沉积特征及其构造意义*

在详细野外剖面工作的基础上,通过岩性特征、沉积构造及沉积序列等的系统观察研究,发现济源盆地下侏罗统鞍腰组重力流沉积由滑塌沉积、砂质碎屑流沉积和浊流沉积构成。滑塌沉积以砂岩和泥岩的混杂、岩层的滑动变形以及泥岩呈碎块被卷入砂岩层中为特征;砂质碎屑流沉积常呈厚层块状,颗粒分选和磨圆较差,杂基较多,可见漂浮于层内的石灰岩砾石;常见的浊流沉积分为2种类型: 具有明显正粒序结构的浊流沉积和砂泥岩薄互层的浊流沉积,可用鲍马序列来描述。鞍腰组重力流沉积可划分为3个沉积序列: 序列A记录了滑塌沉积→砂质碎屑流沉积→浊流沉积→深湖沉积的转换过程;序列B表现为砂质碎屑流与浊流沉积的叠覆;序列C由浊流及湖泊沉积构成,并经历了由序列A→序列B→序列C的沉积演化过程。重力流的形成受秦岭造山带于早侏罗世沿三门峡—鲁山—舞阳断裂发生逆冲推覆作用的控制,其沉积演化指示了秦岭造山带造山作用由强到弱的过程。     

黑龙江省三江平原垦区中心城市选择

黑龙江省三江平原垦区是中国耕地规模最大的连片农垦区和第三大区际商品粮供应基地。近年来,随着这一地区工业化和城镇化进程的加快,如何科学的选择和建设区域的中心城市成为该区完善区域城镇体系和推进城镇化进程的紧迫任务和现实课题。基于此,应用改进的引力模型来计算县级单位与农场间的空间联系强度,界定出各县级单位的腹地范围,明确三江平原垦区的中心城市;以各农垦分局为研究单元,研究各农垦分局的碎化程度;通过明确县级单位拥有农场腹地数目,确定各农垦分局的中心城市;结果发现建三江、虎林、富锦、友谊和密山等宜作为三江平原垦区的中心城市;提出通过壮大中心城市的综合实力、推动场县共建和深化对外合作等措施来推动三江平原垦区城镇化进程。     

三江平原垦区基础设施建设对区域城镇化的影响

通过构建三江平原垦区基础设施和城镇化评价指标体系,运用主成分分析法,建立垦区基础设施评价函数和城镇化评价函数,分析了垦区的基础设施和城镇化发展现状。结果显示,垦区的基础设施水平和城镇化水平自2000年起呈现波动上升趋势,并且二者的协调性不断提高,最终围绕平衡状态上下波动。为检验垦区基础设施建设对城镇化的影响,将研究区域划分为基础设施建设超前型和滞后型,并对两组样本的基础设施水平和城镇化水平进行回归分析,发现垦区的基础设施对城镇化有较大的推动作用,并且基础设施超前型区域的推动效果更强。最后从基础设施建设的角度提出促进三江平原垦区城镇化发展的具体对策。     

造山动力学定量研究--理论与方法

造山动力学定量研究近10年来取得了重要进展,形成了较完整的理论技术体系,并获得了大量有说服力的实例分析结果,成为当前大陆变形研究的热点之一。造山动力学定量研究采用数值方法求解控制方程,获得造山带演化动态过程的图像,了解不同因素对该过程的影响作用,从力学解析的角度确定造山动力学模型的合理性。研究造山演化过程需要耦合固体力学、流体力学和热力学方程进行描述。造山演化过程中发生的强烈大位移、大应变（几何非线性）使得数值求解过程更复杂。对于强烈大应变可能需要采用重分网格技术。断裂的发生、运动与变形涉及岩石破裂准则与内部边界处理。同时,还必须综合分析地表剥蚀与沉积、重力均衡等作用。