Recovery of topsoil physicochemical properties in revegetated sites in the sand-burial ecosystems of the Tengger Desert, northern China

Recovery in soil properties and processes after sand burial in the Tengger Desert, northern China, was documented at five different-aged revegetated sites (1956, 1964, 1973, 1982, and 1991) and at a reference site with native vegetation, which had never been damaged by sand burial and was enclosed for grazing. The proportions of silt and clay, depth of topsoil and biological soil crusts, and concentrations of soil organic C, K, total N and total P increased with years since revegetation. Most characteristics of topsoil (0–5 cm) characteristics had recovered to 60% of those measured at the reference site by 50 years after sand-binding vegetation had been established. Exceptions were electrical conductivity and contents of sand, silt, CaCO₃ and organic C, which recovered to 20–40% of the values at the reference site. The difference in annual recovery rates of soil properties between the two most recently revegetated sites (0–14 years) was greater than the difference between the two oldest revegetated sites (43–50 years). Best-fit asymptote models showed that the estimated times for the soil properties in the 50-year-old site to reach the same levels as in the reference site (i.e. an undisturbed, native steppified desert ecosystem) would be between 23 and 245 years, but for some properties even maximum recovery after > 50 years still fell significantly short of the level at the reference site. These results suggest that soil recovery is a slow process in an extremely arid desert environment, and therefore the conservation of soil habitat is a crucial issue for land managers.     

云南永平卓潘新生代碱性杂岩体的元素地球化学和Nd-Sr-Pb同位素特征及地质意义

云南永平卓潘碱性杂岩体是金沙江-哀牢山富碱斑岩带中的重要岩体,位于兰坪走滑拉分盆地西部。该岩体的主要岩石类型为辉石正长岩、正长岩和霞石正长岩等。岩石地球化学显示高碱、高K_2O/Na_2O比值、低TiO_2、高Al_2O_3的超钾质钾玄岩系列岩石。微量元素表现为富集K、Rb、Sr、Ba等大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损Ta、Nb、Ti、P、Zr等高场强元素(HFSE),表现为明显的"Ta-Nb-Ti"负异常,同时富集过渡性元素Cr、Ni、Co等。稀土元素为稀土总量高,富集LREE、(La/Yb)_N比值高、Eu异常不明显为特征。(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i比值为0.707611～0.709167、ε_(Nd)(t)值为-4.89～-6.57,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb变化于18.6886～18.7022、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb变化于15.6169～15.63493、~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb变化于38.7972～38.8927,显示岩浆源区具有富集地幔(EMⅡ)与下地壳共同作用的壳幔过渡带特征,构造环境判别为大陆弧(CAP)环境。岩体是在碰撞造山过程中大陆板片俯冲,使曾经遭受古洋壳板片流体强烈交代的壳幔过渡带在上升的软流圈熔体的注入而发生部分熔融,在走滑拉分盆地的核心部位沿构造断裂上升侵位而形成。     

Approaches to stratigraphy of the paleogene volcanogenic sequences in northwestern Kamchatka

“Volcanogenic Complex” as a stratigraphic term is substantiated. Also discussed are peculiarities of the volcanic process, the nature and evolution time of the volcanic structures, the complete and incomplete volcanic cycles. Data of comprehensive geological, stratigraphic and paleovolcanologic study are used to subdivide the Kinkil’skii Formation of Paleogene volcanogenic rocks in the northwestern Kamchatka, which has undivided previously, into the Shamanka, Rebro, Bozhedomova, and Geeklen volcanogenic complexes of concurrent or different ages. As a result, two epochs of volcanism (the late Ypresian-Lutetian and late Bartonian-Priabonian) are distinguished. A hiatus separating the epochs was a time of intense scouring and leveling the landforms and of the weathering crust formation. In conclusions, some problems of the paleogeography in Kamchatka and adjacent territories are discussed.     

川西新元古代花岗质杂岩体的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄、元素和Nd-Sr同位素地球化学研究:岩石成因与构造意义

扬子块体西缘新元古代岩浆活动十分强烈,其成因对于研究Rodinia超大陆的演化有重要意义.目前对这些岩浆的成因和形成的构造背景存在地幔柱和岛弧两种不同的观点.本文对川西康滇裂谷中四川西昌一带出露的摩挲营花岗岩体和性质相似的周边花岗质小岩体,以及岩体中出露的基性岩墙进行了SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄、元素和Sr-Nd同位素的研究表明:这些酸性、基性岩体形成于842～790Ma,基本为同时代的侵入岩;花岗岩基中普遍发育中性包体,为岩浆混合作用的表现;花岗岩起源于古老的下地壳,基性岩起源于亏损的软流圈地幔.本文的研究结果支持华南位于澳大利亚和Laurentia大陆之间的Rodinia超大陆重建模式.     

山东石岛花岗岩复合岩体的侵位深度与苏鲁超高压变质岩的快速折返机制及动力学效应

山东石岛正长岩-花岗岩复合岩体形成于225～205Ma之间,侵入到苏鲁超高压岩石中.通过铝在角闪石的压力计,确定了年龄约为225～215Ma的甲子山岩体的侵位深度,约为15km.结合前人对石岛花岗岩复合岩体的地质年代学和地球化学及本研究结果,表明:(1)石岛正长岩在225～215Ma期间快速侵位小于15km的深度,同时快速冷却结晶;(2)在215Ma或早些时候,苏鲁最东端的超高压岩石已位于小于15km的深度;(3)苏鲁超高压岩石以大于5mm/yr的速率快速折返.俯冲板片前锋的断离所导致的深部动力学效应可能是苏鲁超高压岩石快速折返的主要驱动力.这种深部动力学过程导致软流圈地幔的快速上涌,诱发岩石圈地幔的部分熔融,形成钾质岩浆,可能是华北克拉通在中生代发生大规模伸展作用及减薄的初始驱动力.     

Geology of the Gorny Altai subduction–accretion complex, southern Siberia: Tectonic evolution of an Ediacaran–Cambrian intra-oceanic arc-trench system

The Gorny Altai region in southern Siberia is one of the key areas in reconstructing the tectonic evolution of the western segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). This region features various orogenic elements of Late Neoproterozoic–Early Paleozoic age, such as an accretionary complex (AC), high-P/T metamorphic (HP) rocks, and ophiolite (OP), all formed by ancient subduction–accretion processes. This study investigated the detailed geology of the Upper Neoproterozoic to Lower Paleozoic rocks in a traverse between Gorno-Altaisk city and Lake Teletskoy in the northern part of the region, and in the Kurai to Chagan-Uzun area in the southern part. The tectonic units of the studied areas consist of (1) the Ediacaran (=Vendian)–Early Cambrian AC, (2) ca. 630 Ma HP complex, (3) the Ediacaran–Early Cambrian OP complex, (4) the Cryogenian–Cambrian island arc complex, and (5) the Middle Paleozoic fore-arc sedimentary rocks. The AC consists mostly of paleo-atoll limestone and underlying oceanic island basalt with minor amount of chert and serpentinite. The basaltic lavas show petrochemistry similar to modern oceanic plateau basalt. The 630 Ma HP complex records a maximum peak metamorphism at 660 °C and 2.0 GPa that corresponds to 60 km-deep burial in a subduction zone, and exhumation at ca. 570 Ma. The Cryogenian island arc complex includes boninitic rocks that suggest an incipient stage of arc development. The Upper Neoproterozoic–Lower Paleozoic complexes in the Gorno-Altaisk city to Lake Teletskoy and the Kurai to Chagan-Uzun areas are totally involved in a subhorizontal piled-nappe structure, and overprinted by Late Paleozoic strike-slip faulting. The HP complex occurs as a nappe tectonically sandwiched between the non- to weakly metamorphosed AC and the OP complex. These lithologic assemblages and geologic structure newly documented in the Gorny Altai region are essentially similar to those of the circum-Pacific (Miyashiro-type) orogenic belts, such as the Japan Islands in East Asia and the Cordillera in western North America. The Cryogenian boninite-bearing arc volcanism indicates that the initial stage of arc development occurred in a transient setting from a transform zone to an incipient subduction zone. The less abundant of terrigenous clastics from mature continental crust and thick deep-sea chert in the Ediacaran–Early Cambrian AC may suggest that the southern Gorny Altai region evolved in an intra-oceanic arc-trench setting like the modern Mariana arc, rather than along the continental arc of a major continental margin. Based on geological, petrochemical, and geochronological data, we synthesize the Late Neoproterozoic to Early Paleozoic tectonic history of the Gorny Altai region in the western CAOB.     

An early Paleoproterozoic high-K intrusive complex in southwestern Tarim Block, NW China: Age, geochemistry, and tectonic implications

Systematic geochronologic, geochemical, and Nd isotopic analyses were carried out for an early Paleoproterozoic high-K intrusive complex exposed in southwestern Tarim, NW China. The results provide a better understanding of the Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the Tarim Block. Zircon U–Pb age dating indicates two Paleoproterozoic magmatic episodes occurring at ca. 2.41 Ga and ca. 2.34 Ga respectively, which were followed by a ca. 1.9 Ga metamorphic event. The 2.41 Ga granodiorite–adamellite suite shares characteristics of late to post-orogenic metaluminous A-type granites in its high alkalinity (Na₂O + K₂O = 7.6–9.3%), total REE (410–788 ppm), Zr (370–660 ppm), and Y (21.7–58.4 ppm) contents. εNd(t) values for the suite range from − 3.22 to − 4.71 and accordingly the Nd modal ages (T_2DM) vary between 3.05 Ga and 3.17 Ga. Based on geochemical data, the 2.34 Ga suite can be subdivided into two sub-suites, namely A-type and S-type. However, both types have comparable Nd isotope compositions (εNd(t) ≈ − 0.41 to − 2.08) and similar narrow T_2DM ranges (2.76–2.91 Ga).Geochemical and Nd isotopic data for the high-K intrusive complex, in conjunction with the regional geological setting, suggest that both the 2.41 Ga suite and the 2.34 Ga A-type sub-suite might have been produced by partial melting of the Archean mafic crust in a continental rift environment. The S-type sub-suite is thought to have formed by partial melting of felsic pelites and/or metagreywackes recycled from Archean crust (TTG?). Gabbro enclaves with positive εNd(t) value (2.15) have been found to be intermingling within the 2.34 Ga suite; ca. 2.34–2.36 Ga gabbroic dykes and adamellites have previously been documented in eastern Tarim. These observations indicate that the high-K intrusions may reflect the emergence of depleted mantle upwelling beneath the Tarim Block at that time. We suggest a three-stages model for the Precambrian crustal evolution in the Tarim Block: (1) the formation of proto-crust (TTG) by ca. 2.5 Ga, (2) episodes of felsic magmatism possibly occurring in continental rift environments at ca. 2.41 Ga and ca. 2.34–2.36 Ga, and (3) ca. 1.9 Ga metamorphism that may represent the solidification of the Precambrian basement of the Tarim Block.     

利用斯通利波评价复杂岩性储层渗透性

针对海拉尔盆地贝尔凹陷区复杂岩性储层,进行了利用斯通利波估算储层渗透率的应用研究,并把斯通利波渗透率与岩心渗透率和核磁处理渗透率进行了对比。对比结果表明,可依据获得的斯通利波渗透率曲线进行储层的有效性划分。     

刚性桩与柔性桩复合地基共同作用研究现状

刚性桩与柔性桩共同作用的复合地基是一项新的地基处理技术,是现在学术界和工程界研究的热点。本文通过对其特性、设计参数、理论研究和工程实践等各个方面进行了讨论,提出了自己的一些观点。     

The decrease in shear stress and increase in transport rates subsequent to an increase in sand supply to a gravel-bed channel

It is generally accepted that a gravel-bed river will aggrade if the supply of sediment to the river is increased. In a series of flume experiments using constant discharge and gravel feed rate, sand feed rates were increased to 6.1 times that of gravel. The slope of the bed decreased with increasing sand supply, indicating that the increased sediment load could be transported at the same rate due to a decrease in shear stresses. These results extend previous experiments to a wider range of boundary conditions. A recent surface transport model is used to predict the changes in bed composition and transport using the same sediment supply composition and feed rates as in the laboratory experiments. This model reasonably predicts a decrease in the reference shear stresses of the sand and gravel fractions as the sand supply is increased. An increase in sand supply can increase the mobility of gravel fractions in the stream bed, which can lead to bed degradation and preferential evacuation of these sediments from the river.