Deciphering polymetamorphic episodes in high-grade metamorphic orogens: Constraints from PbSL, Sm/Nd and Lu/Hf garnet dating of low- to high-grade metasedimentary rocks from the Kaoko belt (Namibia)

Three dating techniques for metamorphic minerals using the Sm–Nd, Lu–Hf and Pb isotope systems are combined and interpreted in context with detailed petrologic data from crustal segments in NW Namibia. The combination of isochron ages using these different approaches is a valuable tool to testify for the validity of metamorphic mineral dating. Here, PbSL, Lu–Hf and Sm–Nd garnet ages obtained on low- to medium-grade metasedimentary rocks from the Central Kaoko Zone of the Neoproterozoic Kaoko belt (NW Namibia) indicate that these samples were metamorphosed at around 550–560 Ma. On the other hand, granulite facies metasedimentary rocks from the Western Kaoko Zone underwent two phases of high-grade metamorphism, one at ca. 660–625 Ma and another at ca. 550 Ma providing substantial evidence that the 660–625 Ma-event was indeed a major tectonothermal episode in the Kaoko belt. Our age data suggest that interpreting metamorphic ages by applying a single dating method only is not reliable enough when studying complex metamorphic systems. However, a combination of all three dating techniques used here provides a reliable basis for geochronological age interpretation.     

Revised age of proximal deposits in the Zagros foreland basin and implications for Cenozoic evolution of the High Zagros

The regionally extensive, coarse-grained Bakhtiyari Formation represents the youngest synorogenic fill in the Zagros foreland basin of Iran. The Bakhtiyari is present throughout the Zagros fold-thrust belt and consists of conglomerate with subordinate sandstone and marl. The formation is up to 3000 m thick and was deposited in foredeep and wedge-top depocenters flanked by fold-thrust structures. Although the Bakhtiyari concordantly overlies Miocene deposits in foreland regions, an angular unconformity above tilted Paleozoic to Miocene rocks is expressed in the hinterland (High Zagros).

The Bakhtiyari Formation has been widely considered to be a regional sheet of Pliocene–Pleistocene conglomerate deposited during and after major late Miocene–Pliocene shortening. It is further believed that rapid fold growth and Bakhtiyari deposition commenced simultaneously across the fold-thrust belt, with limited migration from hinterland (NE) to foreland (SW). Thus, the Bakhtiyari is generally interpreted as an unmistakable time indicator for shortening and surface uplift across the Zagros. However, new structural and stratigraphic data show that the most-proximal Bakhtiyari exposures, in the High Zagros south of Shahr-kord, were deposited during the early Miocene and probably Oligocene. In this locality, a coarse-grained Bakhtiyari succession several hundred meters thick contains gray marl, limestone, and sandstone with diagnostic marine pelecypod, gastropod, coral, and coralline algae fossils. Foraminiferal and palynological species indicate deposition during early Miocene time. However, the lower Miocene marine interval lies in angular unconformity above ~ 150 m of Bakhtiyari conglomerate that, in turn, unconformably caps an Oligocene marine sequence. These relationships attest to syndepositional deformation and suggest that the oldest Bakhtiyari conglomerate could be Oligocene in age.

The new age information constrains the timing of initial foreland-basin development and proximal Bakhtiyari deposition in the Zagros hinterland. These findings reveal that structural evolution of the High Zagros was underway by early Miocene and probably Oligocene time, earlier than commonly envisioned. The age of the Bakhtiyari Formation in the High Zagros contrasts significantly with the Pliocene–Quaternary Bakhtiyari deposits near the modern deformation front, suggesting a long-term (> 20 Myr) advance of deformation toward the foreland.     

湘中奥陶纪锰矿带成矿特征及资源前景

湘中奥陶纪沉积锰矿带位于湖南省安化县、桃江县、宁乡县境内,呈近EW向展布,矿带内锰矿以质量好而著称。该成矿带的成锰沉积盆地受控于加里东期张性断裂系统,为一断陷盆地。盆地内发育一组NW向同沉积断裂,形成了一系列断陷槽,控制了沉积岩相的分布。锰矿主要产于盆地中心亚相的黑色页岩夹碳酸锰矿微相内。据矿带中锰矿的地质和地球化学特征以及微量元素和碳、氧、锶同位素组成,笔者认为,该锰矿属于热水沉积成因。综合对比表明,该成矿带具有良好的成矿条件和值得注意的资源潜力,有可能发展为大型锰成矿带。     

阿尔金南缘构造带西段辉绿岩墙群的地球化学特征及构造环境

对阿尔金南缘构造带西段辉绿岩墙群的岩石学和地球化学的详细研究表明,该区辉绿岩墙群为拉斑系列岩石,其主量元素以中等TiO2(1.19%～1.59%)、高MgO(5.51%～7.88%)、贫K2O(0.04%～0.84%)和P2O5(0.10%～0.20%)、Na2OK2O为特征;高场强元素(HFSE)丰度特征显示其为E-MORB型或过渡型玄武岩质岩石;稀土元素总量相对较高,轻重稀土元素分馏不显著[(La/Yb)N=1.93～3.61,LREE/HREE=3.01～4.10],在球粒陨石标准化配分模式图上呈略富集型.结合玄武岩构造环境判别图解综合分析推测,它们可能形成于一种裂谷向MORB环境过渡的构造环境,即初始小洋盆构造环境.     

胶南构造混杂岩带中糜棱岩的显微形变特征与古构造环境——来自榴辉岩围岩的构造信息

以胶南构造混杂岩带中榴辉岩的围岩——套程度不同的糜棱岩化岩石为研究对象,重点研究了其显微形变的结构特征及环境意义、石英组构特征及动力学信息,并讨论其形成的古构造环境和构造机制。     

南海北缘东部盆地油气资源研究

南海北缘东部的珠江口盆地及台西南盆地蕴藏着十分丰富的油气资源，根据区域构造背景、盆地发育分布的特点及中、新生代的油气地质条件，结合含油气构造、油气田、油气井的分布规律，利用油气资源评价的理论、方法，对区内的油气资源进行了综合研究，并按照油气资源状况划分出油气富集区、油气潜力区、油气远景区，在此基础上，再进一步划分出4条油气富集带、11条油气潜力带、8条油气远景带，充分显示了该区石油、天然气的分布规律和油气地质特点，为商业性的勘探开发和理论研究奠定了基础。     

南海陆坡天然气水合物成藏的构造环境

南海是西太平洋最大的边缘海之一，其复杂的构造演化，形成了构造特征迥异的南海陆缘，有利于天然气水合物的发育，南海地区在中中新统以上发育了上中新统，上新统和第四系3套地层，3套地层所对应的地质时期的沉降速率在纵横向上的差别均较为悬殊，总体而言，南海第四纪整体沉降速率较大，为天然气水合物压力场环境的形成提供了有利条件，南海复杂的构造背景形成了丰富多彩的构造地质体，特定的构造地质体与水合物形成关系密切，这里讨论了滑塌体、泥底辟、增生楔等构造地质体在南海的分布情况，分析了上述构造体与气体水合物地震标志BSR之间的关系，以及特殊构造带在南海的展布规律，提出了特殊的造带中天然气水合物的成藏模式。     

太平洋三海区热液烟囱物的氧同位素特征及形成温度

使用氧同位素方法 ,测试了西太平洋马里亚纳岛弧、马里亚纳海槽、冲绳海槽和东太平洋加拉帕戈斯裂谷的海底热液烟囱和硫化物全岩样品。结果表明 :马里亚纳岛弧上的埃斯梅拉尔达破火山口的热液硫化物的形成温度最高 (达 2 75℃ ) ,而成为高温产物的代表 ;冲绳海槽和加拉帕戈斯裂谷烟囱 ,表现为中高温类型 ,其氧同位素温度在 1 5 0℃左右 ;马里亚纳海槽以蛋白石为主要矿物的烟囱物 ,则显示出典型的低温热液类型 ,少量黄铁矿砂试样则表现出中温类型特征。但上述区域大都不同程度地存在有闪锌矿、黄铁矿、黄铜矿等中高温热液矿物 ,说明研究区除马里亚纳海槽明显有中低温热液活动类型外 ,其它区域皆具备中高温热液活动特征     

Fault Characteristics in Longmen Mountain Thrust Belt,Western Sichuan Foreland Basin,China

Through field geological survey,the authors found that abundant thrust faults developed in the Longmen (龙门) Mountain thrust belt.These faults can be divided into thrust faults and strike-slip faults according to their formation mechanisms and characteristics.Furthermore,these faults can be graded into primary fault,secondary fault,third-level fault,and fourth-level fault according to their scale and role in the tectonic evolution of Longmen Mountain thrust belt.Each thrust fault is composed of several secondary faults,such as Qingchuan (青川)-Maowen (茂汶) fault zone is composed of Qiaozhuang (乔庄) fault,Qingxi (青溪) fault,Maowen fault,Ganyanggou (赶羊沟) fault,etc..The Longmen Mountain thrust belt experienced early Indosinian movement,Anxian (安县) movement,Yanshan (燕山)movement,and Himalayan movement,and the faults formed gradually from north to south.     

西藏冈底斯矿带成矿作用及远景分析

冈底斯带矿床众多,类型复杂,主要有斑岩型铜（金钼）矿床、矽卡岩型铁铜-铅-锌（银）矿床、层控铅-锌-银矿床、火山岩型金-银矿床及雄村式铜-金矿床。矿床地质特征和同位素年龄表明,冈底斯带南部的矿床与新特提斯洋壳向北俯冲-陆陆碰撞及碰撞期后的构造岩浆事件有关;冈底斯带北部的矿床与班公湖-怒江洋壳向南俯冲-陆陆碰撞及碰撞期后构造岩浆事件有关。冈底斯带与洋壳的俯冲-碰撞有关的岩浆活动强烈,成矿条件优越。西藏高原在碰撞后发生了快速抬升剥蚀,部分矿床顶部出现低温组合矿化,多数矿床保存良好。