从MODIS资料提取土壤湿度信息的主成分分析方法

沿袭了遥感地物分类中K-L变换思想, 以归一化处理后的遥感数据, 结合地面土壤湿度观测数据, 应用主成分分析方法, 采用MODIS不同红外波段数据, 通过相关关系计算, 在监测结果中融合MODIS具有250 m分辨率的第2波段数据, 建立了青海省多维特征空间土壤湿度监测模型。模型的建立克服了热惯量法监测干旱需多时相遥感数据的缺陷, 经初步检验, 此模型可以在一定精度范围之内监测表层土壤湿度, 具有业务应用潜力。     

Comparisons of Simulations of Soil Moisture Variations in the Yellow River Basin Driven by Various Atmospheric Forcing Data Sets

Based on station observations, The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis (ERA40), the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis and Princeton University's global meteorological forcing data set (Princeton), four atmospheric forcing fields were constructed for use in driving the Community Land Model version 3.5 (CLM3.5). Simulated soil moisture content throughout the period 1951-2000 in the Yellow River basin was vali...     

利用MODIS反演四川盆地地表温度与地面 同步气温、地温观测值的相关性试验

通过对MODIS反演的地表温度与四川盆地自动气象站观测的准同步地面空气温度Ta和0 cm地温Ts的相关分析,结果表明：对于非均匀下垫面,卫星反演地表温度TLS分别与Ta和Ts的相关系数稳定性都不好,不同卫星过境时间的相关系数差异很大。但（Ts-TLS）与（Ts-Ta）却有着既显著又稳定的线性相关,不同卫星过境时间的相关系数都达到0.8以上,具有良好的相关性。基于卫星反演地表温度和空气温度的地温统计模型,其标准误差为4.85 ℃。     

铅对不同土壤中青菜生长的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了南京和北京土壤中Pb污染对青菜生长的影响。结果表明：土壤质地对青菜生长有明显的影响;在土壤Pb含量低的处理水平下,对青菜的生长有一定影响;低含量范围内,青菜中Pb含量随土壤Pb处理含量的增加出现先升后降的变化趋势;在100mg／kg时,青菜的生长受到抑制,植株中Pb的含量高于对照组和200mg／kgPb处理。     

近50年来中国季节性冻土与短时冻土的时空变化特征

在对中国冻土气象观测资料整理和分析的基础上, 研究了中国冻土分布的时空演变规律。主要分析了中国冻土分布的季节变化、冻土深度的空间变化, 以及冻结日期、解冻日期、冻结时间长度的空间分布特征, 同时也分析了以上各要素的时间变化特征。结果表明: 中国冻土分布广泛, 在我国东部的长江以北地区、西北地区及青藏高原地区均有分布; 其中季节性冻土具有显著的年内变化特征, 冻结一般从秋季开始, 冬末春初冻结的面积和深度达到最大, 春季逐渐开始融化, 夏季冻结的面积和厚度达到最小; 冻土的冻结过程和融化过程表现出各自不同的特征, 整个中国地区冻土的融化过程所持续的时间比冻结持续的时间长, 也更为复杂, 这与地形及土壤特性有着密切的关系; 近几十年来, 在全球变暖背景下, 中国冻土主要表现为最大冻土深度减小, 冻结日期推迟, 融化日期提前, 冻结持续期缩短, 以及冻土下界上升的总体退化趋势, 冻土的主要转型时期发生在20世纪80年代中期。     

Climatic implications of correlated Upper Pleistocene glacial and fluvial deposits on the Cinca and Gállego Rivers (NE Spain) based on OSL dating and soil stratigraphy

We correlate Upper Pleistocene glacial and fluvial deposits of the Cinca and Gállego River valleys (south central Pyrenees and Ebro basin, Spain) using geomorphic position, luminescence dates, and time-related trends in soil development. The ages obtained from glacial deposits indicate glacial periods at 85 ± 5 ka, 64 ± 11 ka, and 36 ± 3 ka (from glacial till) and 20 ± 3 ka (from loess). The fluvial drainage system, fed by glaciers in the headwaters, developed extensive terrace systems in the Cinca River valley at 178 ± 21 ka, 97 ± 16 ka, 61 ± 4 ka, 47 ± 4 ka, and 11 ± 1 ka, and in the Gállego River valley at 151 ± 11 ka, 68 ± 7 ka, and 45 ± 3 ka. The times of maximum geomorphic activity related to cold phases coincide with Late Pleistocene marine isotope stages and Heinrich events. The maximum extent of glaciers during the last glacial occurred at 64 ± 11 ka, and the terraces correlated with this glacial phase are the most extensive in both the Cinca (61 ± 4 ka) and Gállego (68 ± 7 ka) valleys, indicating a strong increase in fluvial discharge and availability of sediments related to the transition to deglaciation. The global Last Glacial Maximum is scarcely represented in the south central Pyrenees owing to dominantly dry conditions at that time. Precipitation must be controlled by the position of the Iberian Peninsula with respect to the North Atlantic atmospheric circulation system. The glacial systems and the associated fluvial dynamic seem sensitive to 1) global climate changes controlled by insolation, 2) North Atlantic thermohaline circulation influenced by freshwater pulses into the North Atlantic, and 3) anomalies in atmospheric circulation in the North Atlantic controlling precipitation on the Iberian Peninsula. Our scenario of glacial and fluvial evolution during the Late Pleistocene in northern Spain could be extrapolated to other glaciated mountainous areas in southern Europe.     

Light hydrocarbons geochemistry of surface sediment from petroliferous region of the Mehsana block,North Cambay Basin

A study was carried out to test the usefulness of surface geochemical methods as regional evaluation tools in petroliferous region of the Mehsana block, North Cambay Basin. A suite of 135 soil samples collected from the depth of 2.5 m, were analyzed for adsorbed light gaseous hydrocarbons and carbon isotopes (δ¹³C_methane and δ¹³C_ethane). The light gaseous hydrocarbon analysis show that the concentration ranges 402 ppb, 135 ppb, 70 ppb, 9 ppb and 18 ppb of C₁, C₂, C₃, iC₄ and nC₄, respectively. The value of carbon isotopic ranges of methane −29.5 to −43.0‰ (PDB) and ethane −19.1 to −20.9‰ (PDB). This data, when mapped, indicates patterns coinciding with major known oil and/or gas field of Sobhasan/Linch in this study area. The existence of un-altered petroliferous microseeps of catagenetic origin is observed in the study area. A regional study, such as the one described here, can provide important exploration facts concerning the regional hydrocarbon potential in a block. This method has been confirmed and can be applied successfully in frontier basins.     

微波消解等离子体发射光谱和石墨炉原子吸收光谱法联合测定土壤中多元素

采用密闭式微波消解系统处理土壤样品,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法或石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定土壤样品中铜、砷、铅、锌、钴、铬、锰、镍、钒9个元素。分别从消解液的选择、用酸量及样品消解量等方面进行消解条件的优化,确定了一个最适合土壤消解的前处理体系。各元素的检出限为0.16～2.52μg/g,回收率为95.2%～106.6%,精密度为2.03%～9.79%(n=7)。方法简单快速,效率高,劳动强度低,是进行土壤中多元素测定的高效方法。     

土壤中三氧化二铝测定结果的不确定度评定

讨论了影响三氧化二铝测定结果不确定度的各种因素,并评定了土壤样品中测定三氧化二铝结果的不确定度。采用EDTA络合、氟化钾置换、乙酸锌溶液滴定的测定方法,当三氧化二铝的含量为15.03%时,其扩展不确定度U=0.20%(Urel=1.4%,k=2)。     

Analytical solution to 1D coupled water infiltration and deformation in unsaturated soils

An analytical solution to 1D coupled water infiltration and deformation is derived using a Fourier integral transform. Exponential functional forms are used to represent the hydraulic conductivity–pore‐water pressure relationship and the soil‐water characteristic curve. Fredlund's incremental‐linear constitutive model for unsaturated soils is adopted. The analytical solution considers arbitrary initial pore‐water pressure distributions and flux and pressure boundary conditions. The corresponding analytical solutions to coupled steady‐state problems are also obtained. The analytical solutions demonstrate that the coupling of seepage and deformation plays an important role in water infiltration in unsaturated soils. In the early stages of infiltration, the difference between uncoupled and coupled conditions becomes marked over time, and in late stages, the difference caused by the coupling effects diminishes toward the steady state. The difference between the uncoupled and coupled conditions increases with decreasing desaturation coefficient (α). Pore‐water pressure or deformation changes caused by the coupling effects are mainly controlled by the degree of soil volume change due to a change in soil suction (H). The smaller the absolute value of H, the greater the effect of coupling on the infiltration and deformation. The ratio of rainfall intensity to saturated permeability (q/k_s) also has a strong influence on the coupled seepage and deformation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.