一次西南低涡形成过程的数值试验和诊断(一)——地形动力作用和潜热作用对西南低涡影响的数值试验对比分析

本文用中尺度有限区域模式对1981年7月11—14日的一次西南低涡暴雨过程进行数值试验,并讨论了地形动力作用和潜热加热对西南低涡形成的影响。 在基本试验中,较好地模拟了西南低涡的形成,其位置以及引起的降水量与实际情况比较一致。地形试验表明,地形动力作用对高原南侧的西南气流具有明显的阻挡作用,并决定着西南低涡的形成。潜热试验表明,潜热通过加强西南低涡上空高层辐散和低层辐合,使该低涡发展。     

Application of GRACE to the estimation of groundwater storage change in a data-poor region: A case study of Ngadda catchment in the Lake Chad Basin

The present study is to explore the feasibility of GRACE-based estimation of a groundwater storage change in a data-poor region using a case study of the Ngadda catchment in the Lake Chad Basin. Although the Ngadda catchment has only one set of in situ time series data of groundwater from 2006 to 2009 and a limited number of groundwater measurements in 2005 and 2009, GRACE-based groundwater storage change can be evaluated against the in situ groundwater measurements combined with specific yield data. The cross-correlation analysis in the Ngadda catchment shows that maximum rainfall reached in July and August, whereas both the maximum total water storage anomaly and the maximum groundwater storage anomaly occurred 2months later. Whereas the mean annual amplitude of total water storage anomaly is about 17cm from both the average total water storage anomaly from three mascon products and the one from three spherical harmonic products, the mean annual amplitude of soil moisture storage anomaly is substantially varied from 5.58cm for CLM to about 14cm for NOAH and Mosaic. The goodness-of-fit tests show that CLM soil moisture produces the closest estimation of groundwater storage anomaly to the in situ groundwater measurements. The present study shows that GRACE-based estimation for groundwater storage anomaly can be a cost-effective and alternative tool to observe how groundwater changes in a basin scale under the limitation of modelling and in situ data availability.     

我国西南地区山地灾害灾情年际综合评估

本文以西南地区1994-2004年山地灾害灾情统计资料为研究对象,在灾情指标数据标准化的基础上建立了西南地区山地灾害灾情年际综合评估模型,并进行了综合评估。     

黔西南水银洞金矿床载金黄铁矿标型特征

水银洞金矿床为近年来在黔西南地区所发现的又一重要卡林型金矿床,黄铁矿为矿床的重要载金矿物。通过系统采样和光片鉴定,区分出具有不同标型特征的四种黄铁矿,即草莓状黄铁矿、生物碎屑状黄铁矿、粗粒自形黄铁矿和细粒自形黄铁矿。四种黄铁矿的含金性存在着显著差异,以生物碎屑状黄铁矿和细粒自形黄铁矿的含金性为优,而草莓状黄铁矿和粗粒自形黄铁矿的含金性较差。各种黄铁矿的主成分及微量组分也显示出一定的变化规律。本文初步分析了四种黄铁矿的形成条件及金的差异性富集机理。     

塔西南坳陷侏罗系的扇三角洲沉积

塔西南坳陷侏罗系广泛发育扇三角洲沉积。在论述沉积特征的基础上,确认本区的扇三角洲是一个典型的退积型层序。该层序三层结构明显,下部为扇三角洲平原,中部为扇三角洲前缘,上部为前扇三角洲。反映了该区在早中侏罗世时处于活动盆地边缘,湖水由浅变深,沉降速率大于沉积速率的特点。通常扇三角洲的形成受湖盆边界类型和源区距湖盆距离及古气候３个主要背景条件的约束,因此,本区的扇三角洲一般发育在源区距湖盆距离短,靠近山前植被不发育的地带。塔西南坳陷侏罗系生储盖组合发育齐全,湖相暗色泥岩为主要烃源岩,扇三角洲前缘砂体是较好的储集层,上白垩统和第三系膏泥岩则起着主要的封盖作用。本区侏罗系有着良好的油气勘探前景。     

滇西南孟连新建二叠系火居组沉积相与时代

孟连地区位于三江褶皱系西南部分,晚古生代冈瓦纳与扬子板块碰撞缝合带。该带发育一套由超基性-中基性熔岩、火山碎屑岩和砂岩、泥岩与硅质岩组成的岩石组合。首次在硅质岩中发现早二叠世放射虫,新建火居组,属次深海相环境。讨论其时代及沉积环境。     

Two magma series and associated ore deposit types in the Permian Emeishan large igneous province, SW China

The Late Middle Permian ( 260 Ma) Emeishan large igneous province in SW China contains two magmatic series, one comprising high-Ti basalts and Fe-rich gabbroic and syenitic intrusions, the other low-Ti basalts and mafic–ultramafic intrusions. The Fe-rich gabbros are spatially and temporally associated with syenites. Each series is associated with a distinctive type of mineralization, the first with giant Fe–Ti–V oxide ore deposits such as Panzhihua and Baima, the second with Ni–Cu–(PGE) sulfide deposits such as Jinbaoshan, Limahe and Zhubu. New SHRIMP zircon U–Pb isotopic data yielded 263 ± 3 Ma for the Limahe intrusion, 261 ± 2 Ma for the Zhubu intrusion and 262 ± 2 Ma for a syenitic intrusion. These new age dates, together with previously reported SHRIMP zircon U–Pb ages, suggest that all these intrusions are contemporaneous with the Emeishan flood basalts and formed during a major igneous event at ca. 260 Ma.The oxide-bearing intrusions have higher Al₂O₃, FeO (as total iron) and total alkalis (Na₂O + K₂O) but lower MgO than the sulfide-bearing intrusions. All intrusions are variably enriched in LREE relative to HREE. The oxide-bearing intrusions display positive Nb- and Ti-anomalies and in certain cases negative Zr–Hf anomalies, whereas the sulfide-bearing intrusions have obvious negative Nb- and Ti-anomalies, a feature of crustal contamination. Individual intrusions have relatively small ranges of Nd(t) values. All the intrusions, however, have Nd(t) values ranging from − 3.9 to + 4.6, and initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios from 0.7039 to 0.7105. The syenites have very low MgO (< 2 wt.%) but highly variable Fe₂O₃ (2.5 to 13 wt.%) with initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios ranging from 0.7039 to 0.7089. Magmas from both series could have derived by melting of a heterogeneous mantle plume: the high-Ti series from a Fe-rich, more fertile source and the low-Ti series from a Fe-poor, more refractory source. In addition, the low-Ti series underwent significant crustal contamination. The two magma series evolved along different paths that led to distinct mineralization styles.     

Coastal conglomerates around the Hadjer el Khamis inselbergs (western Chad,central Africa): new evidence for Lake Mega‐Chad episodes

This paper reports on a study dealing with the rhyolitic inselbergs of Hadjer el Khamis that formed palaeoislands during Lake Mega‐Chad events. Field observations have shown that: (1) conglomeratic patches of immature to mature clasts are preserved at the feet of the Hadjer el Khamis inselbergs; (2) in cross‐section, their pro?le reveals a well de?ned cliff–platform junction at a constant elevation (325 m). The monolithological clasts show all degrees of roundness, from angular cobbles to well rounded pebbles. This wide range of maturity suggests a coastal origin for these cobbles. The system was permanently fed with angular clasts, which were progressively worn by waves. Cobbles that were wave‐worked for the longest time are the best rounded. The cliff–platform junction is the result of erosion by waves, which attacked and undercut the inselberg cliffs during Lake Mega‐Chad events. Asymmetrical erosion pro?les moreover suggest a wind regime dominated by SW to NE oriented winds. These interpretations have two implications. The elevation of the cliff–platform junction is an indication of the highest water level of Lake Mega‐Chad at 320–325 m, which is in agreement with other observations elsewhere in the basin. The SW to NE oriented winds show that monsoon‐related winds were prevalent during Lake Mega‐Chad events, suggesting the Inter‐Tropical Convergence Zone was located higher in latitude than today. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2004年5月西南季风潮及天气影响

2004年5月13—22日广东省的连阴雨天气过程是典型的华南前汛期天气过程。它是与孟加拉湾西南季风潮发生发展相联系的。分析发现,这次孟加拉湾西南季风潮发生发展过程大致上可分为“起潮”过程、“浪花”过程和“落潮”过程三个阶段。在这次过程中,印度洋南半球越赤道气流起了激发的作用。