Trace element geochemistry of primary mantle minerals in spinel‐peridotites from polygenetic MOR–SSZ suites of SW Turkey: constraints from an LA‐ICP‐MS study and implications for mantle metasomatism

Ophiolites exposed across the western Tauride Belt in SW Turkey represent tectonically emplaced fragments of oceanic lithosphere incorporated into continental margin following the closure of the Neotethys Ocean during the Late Cretaceous. The mantle sections of the ophiolites contain peridotites with diverse suites of geochemical signatures indicative of residual origin by melt depletion in both mid‐ocean ridge (MOR) and supra‐subduction zone (SSZ) settings. This study uses a laser‐ablation inductively‐coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) for in situ measurements of trace elements in primary mantle phases in order to identify the upper mantle petrogenetic processes effective during variable stage of melt extraction in these discrete tectonic settings and to discriminate between the effects of reaction with chemically distinct mantle melts migrating through the solid residues. Trace element signatures in pyroxenes suggest small‐length scales of compositional variations which may be interpreted to be a result of post‐melting petrogenetic processes. Relative distribution of rare earth elements and Li between coexisting orthopyroxene‐clinopyroxene pairs in the peridotites suggests compositional disequilibrium in sub‐solidus conditions, which possibly reflects differential effects of diffusive exchange during melting and melt transport or interaction with subduction melts/fluids. On the basis of Ga abundances and Ga–Ti–Fe⁺³# [Fe⁺³/(Fe⁺³ + Cr + Al)] relationships of chrome‐spinels it is documented that the peridotites have experienced the combined effects of partial melting and variable extent of melt‐solid interaction. The MOR peridotites have spinels with geochemical signatures indicative of melt‐depleted residual origin with subsequent incompatible element enrichment through melt impregnation, while the Ga–Ti–Fe⁺³# relationships of chrome‐spinels in SSZ peridotites indicate that these highly depleted peridotites are not simple melt residues, but have been subject to significant compositional modification by interaction with subduction related melts/fluids. The observed compositional variations, which are related to long‐term tectonic reorganisation of oceanic lithosphere, provide evidence for a time integrated evolution from a mid‐ocean ridge to a supra‐subduction zone setting and may be a possible analogue to explain the coexistence of geochemically diverse MOR–SSZ suites in other Tethyan ophiolites. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Residence time control on hot moments of net nitrate production and uptake in the hyporheic zone

The retention capacity for biologically available nitrogen within streams can be influenced by dynamic hyporheic zone exchange, a process that may act as either a net source or net sink of dissolved nitrogen. Over 5 weeks, nine vertical profiles of streambed chemistry (NO₃^? and NH₄⁺) were collected above two beaver dams along with continuous high‐resolution vertical hyporheic flux data. The results indicate a non‐linear relation of net NO₃^? production followed by net uptake in the hyporheic zone as a function of residence time. This Lagrangian‐based relation is consistent through time and across varied morphology (bars, pools, glides) above the dams, even though biogeochemical and environmental factors varied. The empirical continuum between net NO₃^? production and uptake and residence time is useful for identifying two crucial residence time thresholds: the transition to anaerobic respiration, which corresponds to the time of peak net nitrate production, and the net sink threshold, which is defined by a net uptake in NO₃^? relative to streamwater. Short‐term hyporheic residence time variability at specific locations creates hot moments of net production and uptake, enhancing NO₃^? production as residence times approach the anaerobic threshold, and changing zones of net NO₃^? production to uptake as residence times increase past the net sink threshold. The anaerobic and net sink thresholds for beaver‐influenced streambed morphology occur at much shorter residence times (1.3 h and 2.3 h, respectively) compared to other documented hyporheic systems, and the net sink threshold compares favorably to the lower boundary of the anaerobic threshold determined for this system with the new oxygen Damkohler number. The consistency of the residence time threshold values of NO₃^? cycling in this study, despite environmental variability and disparate morphology, indicates that NO₃^? hot moment dynamics are primarily driven by changes in physical hydrology and associated residence times. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Photometric Study of the Activity of Sw Lac

New BV photoelectric observations of the W UMa-type system SW Lac obtained at the Ankara University Observatory in 2001, 2002, and 2003 are used to study the activity of the system.     

Late Quaternary river development in the southwest Chad Basin: OSL dating of sediment from the Komadugu palaeofloodplain (northeast Nigeria)

The Komadugu river system is the major Nigerian tributary to Lake Chad. Its large alluvial complex represents an important archive of the late Quaternary environmental history of the Chad Basin. Modern floodplains are incised into an older fluvial terrace that extends over 5000 km². Evidence from satellite images suggests that the ancient river system was dammed up by the Bama Beach Ridge during high stands of mega Lake Chad. This caused the formation of extensive wetlands with a chaotic network of relic channels. The first set of luminescence ages presented here fits well into the previously established environmental history of the Chad Basin. Both the early and mid‐Holocene pluvial periods as well as a final relatively humid period during the late Holocene are reflected by point bar to overbank deposits or channel fills. The onset of the Holocene was characterised by erosion of older dune fields as indicated by grain‐size distributions of the alluvium. Satellite images and sedimentological observations show that the floodplain was dominated by meandering channels shifted by frequent avulsion, reflecting a high variability in precipitation and discharge patterns at the beginning and end of Holocene humid periods. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

35°S以北的印度洋的气候状况和季风特征

３５°Ｓ以北的印度洋位于热带和副热带,北印度洋和印度次大陆及东南亚是全球最显著的季风气候区。北印度洋冬季为东北季风控制;但由于青藏高原阻断了冷空气,没有寒冷天气夏季风在南亚和东南亚陆上主要表现为暴雨,在北印度洋上主要表现为强劲的西南风;特别是在阿拉伯海的索马里急流区,夏季经常有６￣８级以上的西南大风。在春秋季的季风过渡季节,北印度洋时有台风发生,强风暴潮给孟加拉国造成极大的灾难。在春秋季的季风过渡     

Relationship between Formation of Zhongyebei Basin and Spreading of Southwest Subbasin, South China Sea

The Zhongyebei (中业北) basin (ZYBB) is an NE-striking,narrow and small sedimentary basin superimposing the southern 1/2 segment of the proposed spreading axes of the SW subbasin of the South China Sea (SCS).More than 4 500 m strata were identified in the Zhongyebei basin,including the Paleogene lower structure layer and the Neogene upper structure layer.The SW subbasin of the South China Sea has been regarded as an oceanic basin opened by seafloor spreading,as evidenced by the fiat and deep (＞ 4 000 m mostly) seafloor with linear magnetic anomalies,and by the shallow Moho depth of ＜ 12 km as estimated from gravity modeling.The classic model of seafloor spreading predicts that sediments on the oceanic crust are younger and thinner towards the spreading axes.But in the southwestern segment of the SW subbasin,contradictions appear.Firstly,the thick sedimentation in the ZYBB is along the proposed spreading axes.Secondly,the sediments are thinner (500-1 500 m) and younger away from the proposed spreading axes.Thirdly,geological elements of the two sides of spreading axes develop asymmetrically in the southwestern SW subbasin.Two models,the early opening model and the limited modeling model,are suggested for resolving this paradox.The former suggests that the opening of the SW subbasin was in Late Eocene and earlier than the oldest sediment in the ZYBB.The latter proposes that the opening of the SW subbasin was limited to its northeastern portion,and did not extend to the southwest portion.The ZYBB is a rift basin survived from the spreading but subjected to severe syn-spreading magmatic disturbance.The SW subbasin and the ZYBB of the SCS provide a unique opportunity for studying the structural evolution and dynamic mechanism at the tip of a propagating seafloor spreading.Both models have unresolved questions,and further studies are needed.     

鄂西长阳地质灾害发育特征及影响因素分析

长阳县位于鄂西南山区,地质灾害发育严重,全县各类地质灾害点459处,其中滑坡287处、崩塌139处,不稳定斜坡13处、地面塌陷12处、泥石流8处,发育特征呈集中分布,北边集中分布在沪蓉西高速公路等交通要道沿线,南边主要分布隔河岩库区两岸。区内地质灾害发育影响因素为地质环境条件和气象、水文条件、人类工程活动。其地质环境条件对地质灾害的发育类型、规模分布起控制作用,即内动力因素;气象、水文及人类工程活动是地质灾害发育的诱因,即外动力因素。     

Trace element geochemistry and tectonic characterization of the granulite facies rocks from Southwest Obudu Plateau,southeastern Nigeria

The trace elements characteristics of the migmatitic gneisses (biotite-garnetand hornblende-biotite), granulite facies rocks (charnockitic gneisses) and meta-peridotite in the area of Southwest Obudu Plateau indicate that the area exhibits a high degree of geochemical variability. Compatible trace elements (Ni and Cr) are comparatively high in the granulite facies rocks and meta-peridotite. Ni ranges from 28×10-6 to 266×10-6 whilst Cr ranges from 62×10-6 to 481×10-6 for the granulite facies rocks (charnocki...     

四川阿布郎当超镁铁质侵入体成岩机制的地球化学约束

阿布郎当超镁铁质侵入体位于扬子地台西缘,康滇地轴中段,安宁河深大断裂之西侧。该岩体呈似同心环状相带分布,基性程度很高,岩体的中心为含长橄榄岩,向外依次过渡为含长辉橄岩、辉橄岩及斜长辉橄岩,边缘带斜长橄辉岩。在岩体的边缘带附近存在明显的Cu-Ni-PGE矿化。随着近年来矿产价格的走高和国家对地质普查工作的力度加大,阿布郎当岩体又重新引起人们的关注。该岩体在地质勘探方面已经积累了丰富的资料,但在地球化学方面的研究还很薄弱。本文对阿布郎当超镁铁岩体进行了系统的主要造岩矿物成分、主量元素、微量元素及铂族元素含量的分析,讨论了该岩体的原始岩浆和地幔部分熔融程度,并对成岩过程进行了探讨。研究认为,阿布郎当超镁铁质岩属拉斑玄武岩系列,是峨眉山大火成岩省构造-岩浆活动产物,成岩原始岩浆为苦橄质岩浆,由类似于洋岛玄武岩岩浆源区成分的地幔经18%左右的部分熔融形成。在岩浆上升过程中,最先结晶的镁铁矿物由于岩浆的流动而集中于岩浆管道的中央,于是形成各种岩石的环带分布。当岩浆上升侵入阿布郎当岩浆房以后,发生了以橄榄石为代表的镁铁矿物的堆积,与此同时,岩浆在岩浆房内继续进行着结晶分异并且还可能与围岩发生了混染,导致岩体边缘相附近出现了硫化物的熔离。在后期的地壳运动中,阿布朗当岩浆房露出地表,即今天所见到的阿不朗当超镁铁质岩体。     

Carbon-oxygen isotopic geochemistry of the Yangla Cu skarn deposit,SW China: Implications for the source and evolution of hydrothermal fluids

The Yangla Cu deposit is the largest Cu skarn deposit in the Jinshajiang tectonic belt. Based on the detailed observation of crosscutting relationships, three mineralization stages (i.e., pre-ore, ore and supergene) have been identified in the Yangla deposit. The pre-ore stage is dominated by prograde skarn. The ore stage is characterized by the precipitation of hydrous silicate minerals, Fe-oxides, Fe-Cu-Mo-sulfides, quartz and calcite, whose mineral assemblages were formed in the early and late sub-ore stages. The early sub-ore stage is marked by retrograde alteration with the deposition of hydrous silicate minerals (e.g., actinolite, epidote and chlorite), Fe-oxides, abundant Fe-Cu-Mo-sulfides, quartz and minor calcite. Whilst, the late sub-ore stage, associated with silicic and carbonate alteration, is represented by widespread thick quartz or calcite veins with disseminated pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena and sphalerite. We present new carbon-oxygen (C-O) isotopic compositions of the ore-hosting marble and hydrothermal calcite of this deposit. The hydrothermal calcite in the Yangla deposit was precipitated from both the early and late sub-ore stages. Calcite I from the early sub-ore stage is anhedral, and occurs as spot in the skarn or locally replaces the skarn minerals. Calcite II from the late sub-ore stage is distinguished by being coarse-grained, subhedral to euhedral and its occurrence in thick veins. Calcite I contains lower δ¹³C_PDB (−7.0‰ to −5.0‰) and δ¹⁸O_SMOW (7.2‰ to 12.7‰) than Calcite II (δ¹³C_PDB = −4.5‰ to −2.3‰; δ¹⁸O_SMOW = 10.7‰ to 19.4‰). In the δ¹³C_PDB vs. δ¹⁸O_SMOW diagram, the Calcite I and Calcite II data fall close to the igneous carbonatite field and between the fields of igneous carbonatite and marine carbonates, respectively. This suggests a dominantly magmatic origin for the early sub-ore fluids, and there might have been increasing carbonate wall rock involvement towards the late sub-ore stage. The ore-hosting marble (δ¹³C_PDB = −4.8‰ to −0.3‰; δ¹⁸O_SMOW = 10.2‰ to 23.9‰) also shows a positive δ¹³C_PDB vs. δ¹⁸O_SMOW correlation, which is interpreted to reflect the decreasing alteration intensity during the interactions between the hydrothermal fluids and ore-hosting carbonates. Simulated calculation suggests that both the Calcite I and Calcite II precipitated at 350 °C to 250 °C and 250 °C to 150 °C, respectively. We proposed that CO₂ degassing and water/rock interactions were likely the two major processes that precipitated the calcite and led to the observed C-O isotopic features of the Yangla Cu deposit.