“96·8”特大暴雨和中尺度系统发展结构的非静力数值模拟

1996年8月3～5日(“96     

一次蒙古冷涡影响下宁夏强对流天气分析

2004年6月14、15日连续2 d宁夏大部地区出现了强雷阵雨天气,引黄灌区局部地区遭受冰雹袭击。利用常规气象资料、多普勒雷达产品等资料,对此次过程进行了天气学分析,分析表明这是一次典型的蒙古冷涡旋转东移南压造成的宁夏连续性强对流天气过程。并根据一般性雷雨与伴有冰雹的强雷雨天气发生时雷达回波的差异,统计得到宁夏发生强对流性天气的监测预警指标,同时利用宁夏中尺度区域模式MM5预报产品对其相关物理量进行了模拟分析,得到了有价值的结果。     

Soil moisture retrieval from satellite images and its application to heavy rainfall simulation in eastern China

The soil water index (SWI) from satellite remote sensing and the observational soil moisture from agricultural meteorological stations in eastern China are used to retrieve soil moisture. The analysis of correlation coefficient (CORR), root-mean-square-error (RMSE) and bias (BIAS) shows that the retrieved soil moisture is convincible and close to the observation. The method can overcome the difficulties in soil moisture observation on a large scale and the retrieved soil moisture may reflect the distribution of the real soil moisture objectively. The retrieved soil moisture is used as an initial scheme to replace initial conditions of soil moisture (NCEP) in the model MM5V3 to simulate the heavy rainfall in 1998. Three heavy rainfall processes during 13–14 June, 18–22 June, and 21–26 July 1998 in the Yangtze River valley are analyzed. The first two processes show that the intensity and location of simulated precipitation from SWI are better than those from NCEP and closer to the observed values. The simulated heavy rainfall for 21–26 July shows that the update of soil moisture initial conditions can improve the model’s performance. The relationship between soil moisture and rainfall may explain that the stronger rainfall intensity for SWI in the Yangtze River valley is the result of the greater simulated soil moisture from SWI prior to the heavy rainfall date than that from NCEP, and leads to the decline of temperature in the corresponding area in the heavy rainfall days. Detailed analysis of the heavy rainfall on 13–14 June shows that both land-atmosphere interactions and atmospheric circulation were responsible for the heavy rainfall, and it shows how the SWI simulation improves the simulation. The development of mesoscale systems plays an important role in the simulation regarding the change of initial soil moisture for SWI.     

台风“卡努”的数值模拟与非对称结构的分析

热带气旋登陆过程中受到浅海区大陆架和海岸地形的影响,其结构将发生突变.本文用MM5模式模拟了0515号台风"卡努"登陆浙江的过程,表明MM5模式能很好地模拟出台风路径及其主要雨带.在结构上,登陆后主要完成了从基本对称的垂直分布到东西非对称分布的转换.在热力场方面,登陆后的相当位温、相对湿度、水汽通量散度都比登陆前更加有利于暴雨的发生,登陆后的东西两侧也演变为不对称的分布,东侧的水汽比西侧更充沛,同时东侧的大气层结更加不稳定.     

东风波诱生低涡发生发展的螺旋度演变特征分析

利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料对2001年8月3~4日浙南闽北的东风波暴雨过程,根据螺旋度(Helicity)分析了过程中的暴雨演变以及雁荡山脉诱生中尺度低涡发生发展的原因。同时,利用中尺度有限区域模式MM5V2对该东风波诱生中尺度低涡进行模拟。结果表明:螺旋度大值中心强度和位置的演变较好地反映了暴雨落区和中尺度低涡的诱生、移动,螺旋度的时空演变对暴雨发生有一定的预示意义,螺旋度计算较中尺度模式得出诱生低涡初生位置、路径预报准确率高,二者集成可以提高诱生低涡的预报准确率。     

THE EFFECT OF EQUATORIAL CENTRAL PACIFIC SSTAS ON THE INTERANNUAL VARIATION OF PRECIPITATION OVER SOUTHWEST CHINA DURING SPRING

The interannual variations of rainfall over southwest China (SWC) during spring and its relationship with sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) in the Pacific are analyzed, based on monthly mean precipitation data from 26 stations in SWC between 1961 and 2010, NCEP/NCAR re-analysis data, and Hadley global SST data. Sensitivity tests are conducted to assess the response of precipitation in SWC to SSTAs over two key oceanic domains, using the global atmospheric circulation model ECHAM5. The interannual variation of rainfall over SWC in spring is very significant. There are strong negative (positive) correlation coefficients between the anomalous precipitation over SWC and SSTAs over the equatorial central Pacific (the mid-latitude Pacific) during spring. Numerical simulations show that local rainfall in the northwest of the equatorial central Pacific is suppressed, and a subtropical anticyclone circulation anomaly is produced, while a cyclonic circulation anomaly in the mid-latitude western Pacific occurs, when the equatorial Pacific SSTAs are in a cold phase in spring. Anomalous northerly winds appear in the northeastern part of SWC in the lower troposphere. Precipitation increases over the Maritime Continent of the western equatorial Pacific, while a cyclonic circulation anomaly appears in the northwest of the western equatorial Pacific. A trough over the Bay of Bengal enhances the southerly flow in the south of SWC. The trough also enhances the transport of moisture to SWC. The warm moisture intersects with anomalous cold air over the northeast of SWC, and so precipitation increases during spring. On the interannual time scale, the impacts of the mid-latitude Pacific SSTAs on rainfall in SWC during spring are not significant, because the mid-latitude Pacific SSTAs are affected by the equatorial central Pacific SSTAs; that is, the mid-latitude Pacific SSTAs are a feedback to the circulation anomaly caused by the equatorial central Pacific SSTAs.     

初冬青藏高原冻土过程的数值模拟

利用改进了的加进NCAR陆面过程(LSM)的NCAR MM5大气模式中的土壤冻融过程参数化方案和2001年10月2～30日的NCEP再分析资料,对青藏铁路沿线区域进行数值模拟试验。在新方案中改进了土壤径流和土壤渗透影响土壤层的水文过程,增加了对土壤含冰量的求解,较真实地反映了土壤的冻融过程。模拟结果表明,改进土壤冻融过程方案后,模式对地温、地面通量的模拟有一定的改进,能够反映土壤冻结初期陆面要素场的变化。     

黑龙江省中尺度数值预报业务系统

黑龙江省气象台于2001年8月引进了MM5模式，并结合业务和服务的实际需要对其有关参数进行了确定，建立了黑龙江省中尺度数值预报业务系统。已经在黑龙江省气象台实时运行，并应用到短期预报的业务工作中。系统运行稳定，预报结果有一定的参考价值。     

用Vis5D软件包在PC机上实现模式预报输出结果的可视化

介绍了Ｖｉｓ５Ｄ系统的运行环境、安装要点及主要功能;给出了Ｖｉｓ５Ｄ制作的图象实例;着重介绍了把模式输出结果转换为ｖ５ｄ格式文件的方法,以及几种常用网格数据文件转换为ｖ５ｄ格式文件的方法;简要说明了在Ｖｉｎｄｏｗｓ环境下使用Ｖｉｓ５Ｄ制作的气象图像及进行动画播放的过程。     

Poleward expansion of the hadley circulation in CMIP5 simulations

Observational analyses have demonstrated that the Hadley circulation has expanded poleward in recent decades. Important issues are what caused the widening of the Hadley circulation and whether the observed widening is related to anthropogenic forcing. In the present study, we use currently available simulations of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase-5 (CMIP5) to analyze changes in the width of the Hadley circulation. It is found that CMIP5 historical simulations with greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing generate a total widening of ～0.15o0.06o in latitude (10 yr)-1 for the period 1979--2005, and the widening in CMIP5 historical simulations with all forcings is ～0.17o0.06o per decade. Similar to that in CMIP3, the simulated poleward expansion in CMIP5 is much weaker than the observational reanalyses. In CMIP5 projection simulations for the 21st century, magnitudes of widening of the Hadley circulation increase with radiative forcing. For the extreme projected radiative forcing of RCP8.5, the total annual-mean widening of the Hadley circulation is ～0.27o0.04o(10 yr)-1 in the 21st century. Although CMIP5 underestimates observed poleward expansion of the Hadley circulation, the results of this study suggest that the observed trends in the width of the Hadley circulation are caused by anthropogenic forcing and that increasing GHGs play an important role in the observed poleward expansion of the Hadley circulation, in addition to other forcings emphasized in previous studies.