Hydrodynamic modeling of flushing time in a small estuary of North Bay, Florida, USA

Freshwater fraction method is popular for cost-effective estimations of estuarine flushing time in response to freshwater inputs. However, due to the spatial variations of salinity, it is usually expensive to directly estimate the long-term freshwater fraction in the estuary from field observations. This paper presents the application of the 3D hydrodynamic model to estimate the distributions of salinity and thus the freshwater fractions for flushing time estimation. For a case study in a small estuary of the North Bay in Florida, USA, the hydrodynamic model was calibrated and verified using available field observations. Freshwater fractions in the estuary were determined by integrating freshwater fractions in model grids for the calculation of flushing time. The flushing time in the North Bay is calculated by the volume of freshwater fraction divided by the freshwater inflow, which is about 2.2 days under averaged flow conditions. Based on model simulations for a time series of freshwater inputs over a 2-year period, a power regression equation has been derived from model simulations to correlate estuarine flushing time to freshwater inputs. For freshwater input varying from 12 m³/s to 50 m³/s, flushing time in this small estuary of North Bay changes from 3.7 days to 1.8 days. In supporting estuarine management, the model can be used to examine the effects of upstream freshwater withdraw on estuarine salinity and flushing time.     

集约用海对莱州湾水动力环境影响的数值模拟研究

在考虑水体斜压的基础上利用MIKE3三维数值模型的HD和Ecolab模块,对莱州湾的水动力环境进行了数值模拟,并将验证良好的该模型用于分析预测集约用海工程的实施对莱州湾水动力环境造成的影响。研究结果表明:工程并不会大范围改变莱州湾海域的水动力特征,影响主要集中在工程区附近,距工程新岸线约20 km处,流速变化率在15%左右甚至更小;工程造成海湾纳潮量在大小潮期分别减小0.29%和1.07%,海湾与外海水交换能力被削弱,可能会导致湾内水体污染加剧;工程实施后海湾PO_4-P平均浓度升高,DIN平均浓度降低,N/P比下降,海域磷限制作用被削弱。     

Fe3+纳米胶体颗粒的光吸收边蓝移与溶液中Al/Fe比的关系

合成了n（Al）／n（Fe）和碱化度不同的45个聚合氯化铝铁（PAFC）样品,进行了光谱分析,结果显示光吸收边蓝移或红移以及Fe（Ⅲ）羟基氧化物和Al-Fe共聚体纳米胶体颗粒大小分布与溶液的Al／Fe比和碱化度（B=[OH]／[Al＋Fe]）密切相关。电镜观察和电子衍射分析表明：Al（Ⅲ）的加入使Fe（Ⅲ）羟基氧化物和Al-Fe共聚体纳米胶体颗粒变小、有序度降低是造成PAFE光吸收边蓝移和保持胶体颗粒在亚稳定状态下存在的重要原因。当n（Al）／n（Fe）〉8：2后,PAFC溶液中Fe（Ⅲ）羟基氧化物和Al-Fe共聚体胶体主要以〈10m的纳米颗粒形态存在,对应的光谱能级提高到26000cm^-1以上,且各种曰值下Fe^3＋的光谱能级趋于一致。这表明,在大量Al（Ⅲ）存在条件下,PAFE中Fe3^＋的所处的化学环境相似。点能谱分析显示,n（Al）／n（Fe）=4：6的样品中颗粒物的化学计量比最接近AlOOH,FeOOH,溶液的稳定性最差。     

Constraining the cosmological baryon density with X-ray clusters

We study the properties of X-ray galaxy clusters in four cold dark matter models with different baryon fractions Ω_BM, ranging from 5 to 20 per cent. By using an original three-dimensional hydrodynamic code based on the piecewise parabolic method, we run simulations on a box with a size of 64  h ⁻¹ Mpc and we identify the clusters by selecting the peaks in the X-ray luminosity field. We analyse these mock catalogues by computing the mass function, the luminosity function, the temperature distribution and the luminosity–temperature relation. By comparing the predictions of the different models to a series of recent observational results, we find that only the models with low baryonic content agree with the data, while models with larger baryon fraction are well outside the 1σ error bars. In particular, the analysis of the luminosity functions, both bolometric and in the energy band [0.5–2] keV, requires Ω_BM ≲ 0.05 when we fix the values h  = 0.5 and n  = 0.8 for the Hubble parameter and the primordial spectral index, respectively. Moreover we find that, independently of the cosmological scenario, all the considered quantities have very little redshift evolution, particularly between z  = 0.5 and 0.     

低温雨雪过程的粒子群-神经网络预报模型

利用逐日气温和降水量数据、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及预报场资料,通过分析提取我国南方区域持续性低温雨雪过程及其预报因子,使用粒子群-神经网络方法建立非线性的统计集合预报模型 (PSONN-EPM),对我国南方区域持续性低温雨雪过程进行预报试验。结果表明:以过程的冷湿程度及影响范围为标准,将低温雨雪过程分为一般过程和严重过程,并建立不同的预报模型效果较好。通过10 d独立样本预报试验看,基于粒子群-神经网络方法建立的集合预报模型比基于逐步回归方法建立的预报模型的预报平均相对误差小,对严重过程预报能力高于对一般过程预报,且这种非线性统计集合建模方法在建模过程中不需要调整神经网络参数,在实际预报业务中值得尝试。     

基于PIV技术不同形式防波堤周围涡旋场特性研究(英文)

深水防波堤周围流场存在复杂的紊动变化,防波堤较容易发生失效破坏。本文利用PIV技术,基于模型实验,对规则波作用下防波堤周围的速度流场及其涡流特性进行了实验研究,获得了规则波流场的瞬时速度分布。通过对不同型式防波堤在不同的水力条件下的波浪流场实验数据的分析,定量地研究了防波堤堤身水域的涡旋流场的水力特性。     

砾石单元法与SPH耦合模型在数值波浪水槽中的应用研究

为研究以流体粒子描述波浪运动,以固体单元描述砾石运动的两相介质大变形运动,在港口、海岸工程科学研究中具有重要意义。本文提出砾石单元法(GEM),介绍了光滑粒子动力学方法 (SPH)和GEM的基本原理,阐述了GEM与离散单元法(DEM)的异同之处,说明了采用SPH方法与GEM构建波浪砾石耦合运动数学模型的方法和过程。应用SPH方法建立数值波浪水槽,用GEM模拟波浪作用下堆积砾石的滚落、坍塌变形,构建了SPH方法与GEM耦合数学模型。模拟了水槽造波和波浪生成过程和波浪作用下砾石的滚落、坍塌变形,并与物理模型试验成果进行了比较,结果基本吻合。本文提出的GEM法具有模拟单相堆积砾石运动和堆积砾石与流体粒子耦合多相介质运动的功能,是对DEM法的补充和改善。本文提出的堆积力学球概念和拟序排列求解方法是砾石单元法的重要组成部分。     

改进PSO算法在水位流量关系拟合中的应用

粒子群算法(PSO)是一种基于群智能的全局优化方法。将改进PSO算法应用于水位流量关系拟合优化问题,通过对结果的比较分析,验证了改进PSO算法在提高精度方面的有效性,说明了改进PSO算法在水位流量关系拟合中应用的可行性。     

银川市初夏气溶胶粒子谱分布特征

利用美制APS—3310A型激光粒谱仪，在中国西北城市银川对大气气溶胶粒子进行现场观测，结合气象条件，并通过理论计算分析，给出了银川市初夏大气气溶胶的日变化特征、3种不同粒径粒子分布特点及飘尘谱分布特征，以期为银川市大气污染总量控制方案及对策提供科学依据。     

Modelling dispersion in complex open channel flows: Fuzzy calibration (2)

Part 1 of this study assessed the effectiveness of dispersion models based around random particle tracking (RPT) applied an overbank flow in the Flood Channel Facility at HR Wallingford. Several of the RPT models that were used predicted the mixing behaviour of the tracer in the complex channel flow to within an acceptable accuracy. If there is no uniqueness in the model structure which can be used to represent the true system to within the limitations of the available observations, then this implies an inherent degree of ambiguity in our knowledge of the physically based model structure. This suggests that we should be less forthright in the optimisation of each individual model structure, and perhaps investigate more of the parameter combinations for each model which yield feasible simulations of the system. An alternative fuzzy calibration technique is introduced which avoids the optimisation process and takes account of uncertainties in the model structure, parameter sets and observed data in prediction.