雾水的D和18O同位素研究进展

凝结水的D、¹⁸O同位素研究目前主要集中在雾水方面,露水和土壤吸附水的相关研究仍属空白。由于形成时的温度较高,大多数雾水的D、¹⁸O同位素较当地雨水富集,但不同类型雾的同位素特征存在差异。平流式海洋雾为单级的蒸发—冷凝封闭循环系统的首次凝结,D、¹⁸O同位素较当地雨水显著富集;热带云雾林中的地形雾与降雨同时发生,且水分源于同一云团,δD、δ¹⁸O值差异较小;内陆辐射雾因部分水汽源于当地水分的再循环,过量氘和δD、δ¹⁸O值高于降雨。目前有少量研究用D、¹⁸O同位素指示雾水对植被、地下水和地表径流的补给作用,但以定性分析为主,基于端元混合模型的定量评价极少。露水和土壤吸附水的稳定同位素研究是干旱区凝结水研究的重要方向;D、¹⁸O同位素与其它同位素或化学指标的结合有助于促进凝结水生态水文效应的研究进展;短间隔、高密度的长期观测和用于稳定同位素分析的凝结水采样器的设计是需要进一步开展的工作。     

西湖茶园茶叶铅污染铅同位素示踪

通过对西湖茶园的植物和土壤样品进行一系列的调查,以着力寻找茶叶的铅污染源。利用铅同位素技术对西湖茶园的土壤、茶叶和城区的燃煤、大气气溶胶、汽车尾气进行铅同位素示踪研究。研究表明,茶园土壤铅物质的可溶相具同源性和残查态偏于多源性。清洗后的茶叶铅含量显著降低,但其同位素组成不发生明显改变,显示出茶叶中的铅与叶面空气沉降物中的铅同源。不同介质铅同位素对比值平均值呈现表土、大气(气溶胶)、煤的w(²⁰⁶Pb)/w(²⁰⁷Pb)与茶叶趋于相近,汽油低之;表土、大气(气溶胶)、汽油的w(²⁰⁸Pb)/〔w(²⁰⁶Pb)+w(²⁰⁷Pb)〕与茶叶趋于相近,煤略高之。不同区域茶叶铅物质具同源性,与种植的农业地质背景无关。在煤燃烧、气化过程中,Pb进入大气,通过大气沉降或被茶树吸收或附着在茶叶叶面;汽车尾气的排放是茶树铅污染的重要原因之一。     

哈尔滨市用地查询分析系统的设计与实现

随着3S技术的不断发展,客户要求的不断提高,原始的服务方式已经不能满足客户对多元信息获取的需要,在这样的背景之下,哈尔滨市用地查询分析系统应运而生,它的成功研制有效解决了客户需求,并对其他项目数据整合的方式与方法提供了有益的解决方案。     

Estimates of heat flow and heat production and a thermal model of the São Francisco craton

An updated analysis of geothermal data from the highland area of eastern Brazil has been carried out and the characteristics of regional variations in geothermal gradients and heat flow examined. The database employed includes results of geothermal measurements at 45 localities. The results indicate that the Salvador craton and the adjacent metamorphic fold belts northeastern parts of the study area are characterized by geothermal gradients in the range of 6–17°C/km. The estimated heat flow values fall in the range of 28–53 mW/m², with low values in the cratonic area relative to the fold belts. On the other hand, the São Francisco craton and the intracratonic São Francisco sedimentary basin in the southwestern parts are characterized by relatively higher gradient values, in the range of 14–42°C/km, with the corresponding heat flow values falling in the range of 36–89 mW/m². Maps of regional variations indicate that high heat flow anomaly in the São Francisco craton is limited to areas of sedimentary cover, to the west of the Espinhaço mountain belt. Crustal thermal models have been developed to examine the implications of the observed intracratonic variations in heat flow. The thermal models take into consideration variation of thermal conductivity with temperature as well as change of radiogenic heat generation with depth. Vertical distributions of seismic velocities were used in obtaining estimates of radiogenic heat production in crustal layers. Crustal temperatures are calculated based on a procedure that makes simultaneous use of the Kirchoff and Generalized Integral Transforms, providing thereby analytical solutions in 2D and 3D geometry. The results point to temperature variations of up to 300°C at the Moho depth, between the northern Salvador and southern São Francisco cratons. There are indications that differences in rheological properties, related to thermal field, are responsible for the contrasting styles of deformation patterns in the adjacent metamorphic fold belts.     

A geophysical study of the granites and the sedimentary basins of the Xanthi area (N. Greece)

Intrusive features of varying size can be interpreted from the aeromagnetic map of the Xanthi area in N. Greece.The Xanthi pluton, which outcrops north of the city of Xanthi, seems to have the shape of a truncated pyramid. This feature has relatively large areal extent and reaches an approximate depth of 7 km. Another, relatively large magnetic body is buried under the sediments at the estuary of the Nestos River.3-D models of several smaller intrusions were constructed and the produced effect was compared to the observed. Some of these intrusions seem to be detached branches of the large Xanthi pluton.The basement in the outer part of the basin of the Nestos River seems to be buried at about 4 km depth. This figure is obtained by the Multiple Source Werner Deconvolution estimates and it is in agreement with the results of former geophysical studies and deep industrial boreholes.A 3-D model of the Xanthi-Komotini basin suggests that this basin is about 0.4 km deep at its southern part. The depth at its northern boundary is about 1.8 km while the boundary itself is formed by the large Kavala-Xanthi-Komotini fault.The Tertiary basin of the Nestos River and the observed magmatism are consistent with the idea of an older extensional tectonic regime in the area.     

Boron isotope variations in nature: a synthesis

The large relative mass difference between the two stable isotopes of boron, ¹⁰B and ¹¹B, and the high geochemical reactivity of boron lead to significant isotope fractionation by natural processes. Published ¹¹B values (relative to the NBS SRM-951 standard) span a wide range of 90. The lowest ¹¹B values around — 30 are reported for non-marine evaporite minerals and certain tourmalines. The most ¹¹B-enriched reservoir known to date are brines from Australian salt lakes and the Dead Sea of Israel with ¹¹B values up to +59. Dissolved boron in present-day seawater has a constant world-wide ¹¹B value of + 39.5. In this paper, available ¹¹B data of a variety of natural fluid and solid samples from different geological environments are compiled and some of the most relevant aspects, including possible tracer applications of boron-isotope geochemistry, are summarized.

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Résumé La grande différence relative de masse entre les isotopes stables du bore, ¹⁰B et ¹¹B, et la grande réactivité geochimique du bore ont pour conséquence un fractionnement isotopique naturel important. Les valeurs de ¹¹B publiées (par rapport au standard NBS SRM-951) varient de 90. Les valeurs de ¹¹B les plus basses (–30) correspondent aux evaporites non-marines et à certaines tourmalines. Le réservoir le plus enrichi en ¹¹B est représenté par les saumures des lacs salés d' Australie et par la Mer Morte en Israël, qui ont des valuers de ¹¹B allent jusqu'à + 59. L'eau de mer a une valeur de ¹¹B mondialement constante de + 39.5. Des valeurs de ¹¹B des solutions naturelles ainsi que des roches et minéraux de différentes origines, publiées jusqu'à présent, sont présentées ici. En outre quelques aspects importants concernant la géochimie des isotopes du bore y compris quelques applications sont exposés.

     

江西省安福地区地热水化学特征研究

为研究江西安福地区水文地球化学特征及控制因素, 本文采集了15组样品, 采用水化学、同位素分析等方法进行研究。结果表明: 研究区地热水以Na-HCO3型水为主, 地下水以HCO3-Na·Ca型为主, 地表水由西南向东北从HCO3-Na·Ca向HCO3-Ca型水演化。水化学组分演化过程主要受岩石风化作用控制, 地层封闭性较差, 水中的Na+、HCO– 3、Sr2+来源于硅酸岩风化溶解。由稳定同位素特征可知, 研究区地热水补给来源为大气降水。研究区热储温度为49.8~101.4 ℃, 地热水循环深度为1 502.6~1 513.6 m。热水在沿断裂带上升过程中与浅层冷水发生混合, 其混合比例为76.1%~87.5%。研究成果为安福地区水循环演化提供依据, 有利于地热资源的合理开采与保护。     

Fe-Cu-Zn-Mo同位素示踪氧化还原过程

非传统稳定同位素（Fe-Cu-Zn-Mo）理论与数据相结合提高了科研工作者对地质体系氧化还原过程的理解。本文对这一相对较新的领域进行了综述,包括与氧化还原过程相关的同位素分馏理论和实验约束、时空尺度下的氧逸度以及同位素示踪氧化还原过程。稳定同位素理论预测,Fe-Cu-Zn-Mo同位素应该对氧化还原状态的变化能够做出响应。结果表明,Fe同位素作为岩浆过程、表生过程、俯冲带流体性质"氧逸度计"应用前景广阔;Cu同位素在岩浆、热液、陆地系统可以很好地示踪氧化还原过程;Zn同位素由于络合过程分馏已经被用在许多不同环境中作为含硫/碳流体迁移的敏感示踪剂;Mo同位素作为古氧逸度计可有效重建古海洋-大气氧化还原状态。     

Enhancement of radon signals in geophysical studies with the track technique

The existence of a suspected geological fault has been confirmed using Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTDs) by measuring radon concentration variations in the upper soil above its inferred position. The results obtained prompted us to increase the natural radon signal in the soil, using an additional radon source; this enhancement technique, has been experimentally checked with SSNTD detectors.On leave from Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire des D.S.T.N. Université de Dakar, Dakar-Fann, Sénégal