Dawsonite fixation of mantle CO2 in the cretaceous Songliao Basin,Northeast China: a natural analogue for CO2 mineral trapping in oilfields

Abundant crude oil and CO₂ gas coexist in the fourth member of the Upper Cretaceous Quantou reservoir in the Huazijing Step of the southern Songliao Basin, China. Here, we present results of a petrographic characterization of this reservoir based on polarizing microscope, X-ray diffraction, fluid inclusion, and carbon–oxygen isotopic data. These data were used to identify whether CO₂ might be trapped in minerals after the termination of a CO₂-enhanced oil recovery (EOR) project, and to determine what effects might the presence of CO₂ have on the properties of crude oil in the reservoir. The crude oil reservoir in the study area, which coexists with mantle-derived CO₂, is hosted by dawsonite-bearing lithic arkoses and feldspathic litharenites. These sediments are characterized by a paragenetic sequence of clay, quartz overgrowth, first-generation calcite, dawsonite, second-generation calcite, and ankerite. The dawsonite analysed during this study exhibits δ¹³ C (Peedee Belemnite, PDB) values of ?4.97‰ to 0.67‰, which is indicative for the formation of magmatic–mantle CO₂. The paragenesis and compositions of fluid inclusions in the dawsonite-bearing sandstones record a sequence of two separate filling events, the first involving crude oil and the second involving magmatic–mantle CO₂. The presence of prolate primary hydrocarbon inclusions within the dawsonite indicates that these minerals precipitated from oil-bearing pore fluids at temperatures of 94–97°C, in turn suggesting that CO₂ could be stored as carbonate minerals after the termination of a CO₂-EOR project. In addition, the crude oil in the basin would become less dense after deposition of bitumen by deasphalting the injection of CO₂ gas into the oil pool.     

内蒙古西拉沐伦成矿带羊场石英脉型钼矿床成矿流体地球化学特征研究

内蒙古羊场钼矿床产于华北克拉通北缘西拉沐伦钼多金属成矿带内,矿体主要以石英脉形式产于燕山期黑云母二长花岗岩内,受NW、NNW向断裂构造控制。成矿过程包括石英大脉阶段(Ⅰ)、石英-黄铁矿亚阶段(Ⅱ-1)、石英-黄铁矿-辉钼矿-黄铜矿-方铅矿-闪锌矿亚阶段(Ⅱ-2)、碳酸岩化阶段(Ⅲ)。流体包裹体研究发现,按照气相比不同可将包裹体分为WL型(<50%)、WV型(50%～90%)、G型(100%)。Ⅰ、Ⅱ-1、Ⅱ-2阶段包裹体均一温度分别为173～280℃、180～467℃、151～366℃,不具有继承演化关系,可能是成矿作用过程中加入有岩浆热液的结果;盐度分别为4.03%～10.61%NaCleqv、2.07%～10.36%NaCleqv和2.41%～9.98%NaCleqv。各阶段流体成分均以H2O为主(>94.39mol%),含少量挥发份CO2、N2、CH4、C2H6、Ar、H2S等还原性气体,阳离子以Na+为主,阴离子以HS-、Cl-为主,属含少量CO2的NaCl-H2O体系;各阶段石英氢、氧同位素δ18OH2O介于-0.08‰～1.90‰、δD介于-119.66‰～-98.79‰。上述特征说明该矿床的成矿流体是岩浆热液与古大气降水混合而成。不同来源、不同性质的流体混合作用是造成羊场辉钼矿沉淀成矿的主要原因。     

赣南木梓园钨矿流体包裹体特征及其地质意义

木梓园钨矿床是赣南地区一中型石英脉型钨矿床,是利用地表云母线、石英线等矿化标志带寻找隐伏石英脉型矿床的典范。本文对木梓园矿床含黑钨矿石英脉石英中流体包裹体开展了岩相学和显微测温研究,并运用显微激光拉曼光谱测试技术对单个流体包裹体成分进行测试。结果表明,石英中流体包裹体至少记录了两期流体活动。这两类流体分属中-高温、中低盐度、中低密度的NaCl-H2O流体体系和中-低温、中低盐度、中等密度的NaCl-H2O流体体系。在木梓园钨矿床成矿流体的演化过程中,高温阶段发生了小规模的沸腾作用,并由此导致成矿流体中部分金属络合物分解进而沉淀成矿;低温阶段则主要经历了自然冷却过程,流体中矿质的沉淀则主要由温度的降低引起。     

富钙长石-橄榄石型包体与典型富Ca,Al包体的矿物岩石学特征对比研究

本文研究了2个富钙长石-橄榄石型包体和2个富黄长石-尖晶石型和富尖晶石-辉石型包体（分别来自宁强和南极格罗夫山碳质球粒陨石）的矿物岩石学特征,并对它们进行了对比。富钙长石-橄榄石型包体的矿物模式组成具有富橄榄石和缺失黄长石的特征,其可能是球粒和典型难熔包体之间的中间产物,是认识它们之间相互关系的钥匙。矿物岩石学特征表明富黄长石-尖晶石型和富尖晶石-辉石型包体可能是星云直接凝聚的产物,而富钙长石-橄榄石型包体经历过熔融结晶过程。富钙长石-橄榄石型包体的初始物质可能是富Al的球粒或含难熔组分的蠕虫状橄榄石集合体。矿物化学组成对比研究发现,GRV 022459-RI6中的尖晶石具有最富FeO的特征,表明包体的蚀变可能发生在高氧逸度的星云环境。     

豫西南湍源银多金属矿集区典型矿床(点) ——来自地质、流体特征及锆石U-Pb年龄的证据

豫西南湍源银多金属矿集区位于秦岭造山带中部,分布有板厂铜多金属矿床、银洞沟银多金属矿床、许窑沟金矿床、银虎曼铅锌矿,以及万人洞沟、铁罗沟、万沟等金银矿点。流体包裹体研究表明,与含矿有关的石英脉流体包裹体组成复杂,特别是富气包裹体十分发育,而不含矿的石英包裹体类型简单,多为水盐包裹体。获得研究区内与成矿关系比较密切的卢家坪岩体和五龙潭岩体的锆石206Pb/238U年龄分别为446Ma±7Ma和424.6Ma±4.9Ma,据此认为该区成矿时间最早可延伸至加里东期。系统总结了矿集区矿床矿点的成矿作用过程,认为湍源银多金属异常区典型矿床可以分为以下几类：①与地层有关的火山喷流沉积及后期热液叠加改造的块状硫化物矿床(VMS-SEDEX),火山作用提供成矿物质,后期热液改造形成矿床,代表性矿床为银虎曼铅-锌矿床; ②与构造有关的蚀变岩-石英脉型金、银多金属矿床,成矿物质来源于深部和围岩,朱-夏断裂带次级构造提供容矿空间,代表性矿床为银洞沟银多金属矿床、许窑沟金矿; ③与中酸性侵入岩有关的斑岩型-矽卡岩型矿床,成矿物质来源于深部和围岩,朱阳关-夏馆断裂带提供容矿空间,代表性矿床为板厂铜多金属矿床 。     

南极格罗夫山碳质球粒陨石的研究与展望

本文报导了3块南极格罗夫山碳质球粒陨石(GRV 020025, 021579和022459)的矿物岩石学特征。3块碳质球粒陨石具有明显的非平衡陨石的特征,基质和球粒的模式比值分别为2.8 (GRV 020025)、1.2 (GRV 021579)和1 (GRV 022459)。GRV 022459具有明显较其他两块陨石大的球粒直径(0.6-2.0 mm)。在3块碳质球粒陨石中,一共发现了27个富Ca, Al包体,除了在GRV 020025和021579中各发现了一个富尖晶石球粒状包体,其余25个包体均属于A型(似A型)和富尖晶石-辉石型包体。大部分包体发生了强烈的蚀变,GRV 020025中的包体出现了大量层状硅酸盐,GRV 022459中的尖晶石具有富FeO的特征。最后,对南极碳质球粒陨石的下一步研究工作进行了展望。     

Elastoplastic multiphase model for simulating the response of piled raft foundations subject to combined loadings

A multiphase model and corresponding computational time‐saving finite element code is proposed in this paper for predicting the settlements experienced by a piled raft foundation when subject to the combined action of vertical and lateral loadings. This model, which is formulated in the framework of an elastoplastic behaviour for the soil and the reinforcing piles as well, explicitly accounts for the shear and flexural behaviour of the latter. Starting from a simple analytical example where all the concepts attached to this model are clearly illustrated, the main stages leading to its finite element implementation are then presented. The numerical tool thus elaborated, is applied to the simulation of a pile‐reinforced strip foundation submitted to a horizontally applied seismic load in addition to a permanent vertical load. One of the key results of such a simulation in terms of design recommendation, lies in the conclusion that, while the shear and flexural contributions of the reinforcement play quite a negligible role in the case of a vertical load (as compared with their axial resistance), they remain absolutely essential for withstanding the seismic lateral loading. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Re-equilibration of CO2 fluid inclusions at controlled hydrogen fugacities

Abstract Natural, pure CO₂ inclusions in quartz and olivine (c. Fo₉₀) were exposed to controlled f_H2 conditions at T= 718–728°C and P_total= 2 kbar; their compositions were monitored (before and after exposures) by microsampling Raman spectroscopy (MRS) and microthermometry. In both minerals exposed at the graphite–methane buffer (f_H2= 73 bar), fluid speciations record the diffusion of hydrogen into the inclusions. In quartz, room-temperature products in euhedral isolated (EI type) inclusions are carbonic phases with molar compositions of c. CO₂(60) + CH₄(40) plus graphite (Gr) and H₂O, whereas anhedral inclusions along secondary fractures (AS type) are Gr-free and contain H₂O plus carbonic phases with compositions in the range c. CO₂(60) + CH₄(40) to CO₂(10) + CH₄(90). EI type inclusions in olivine evolved to c. CO₂(90–95) + CH₄(5–10) without Gr, whereas AS type inclusions have a range of compositions from CO₂(90) + CH₄(10) ± Gr to CH₄(50) + H₂(50) ± Gr; neither H₂O nor any hydrous species was detected by optical microscopy or MRS in the olivine-hosted products. Differences in composition between and among the texturally distinct populations of inclusions in both minerals probably arise from variations in initial fluid densities, as all inclusions apparently equilibrated with the ambient f_H2. These relations suggest that compositional variability among inclusions in a given natural sample does not require the entrapment of multiple generations of fluids. In addition, the absence of H₂O in the olivine-hosted inclusions would require the extraction of oxygen from the fluids, in which case re-equilibration mechanisms may be dependent on the composition and structure of the host mineral. Many of the same samples were re-exposed to identical P–T conditions using Ar as the pressure medium, yielding ambient f_H2= 0.06 bar. In most inclusions, the carbonic fluids returned to pure CO₂ and graphite persisted in the products. Reversal of the mechanisms from the prior exposure at f_H2= 73 bar did not occur in any inclusions but the AS types in olivine, in which minor CO₂ was produced at the expense of CH₄ and/or graphite. The observed non-reversibility of previous mechanisms may be attributed to: (1) slower fluid–solid reactions compared to reactions in the homogeneous fluid phase; (2) depressed activities of graphite due to poor ordering; and/or (3) low ambient f_O2 at the conditions of the second run.     

Calculated fluid evolution path versus fluid inclusion data in the COHN system as exemplified by metamorphic rocks from Rogaland, south-west Norway

Abstract Fluid evolution paths in the COHN system can be calculated for metamorphic rocks if there are relevant data regarding the mineral assemblages present, and regarding the oxidation and nitrodation states throughout the entire P-T loop. The compositions of fluid inclusions observed in granulitic rocks from Rogaland (south-west Norway) are compared with theoretical fluid compositions and molar volumes. The fluid parameters are calculated using a P-T path based on mineral assemblages, which are represented by rocks within the pigeonite-in isograd and by rocks near the orthopyroxene-in isograd surrounding an intrusive anorthosite massif. The oxygen and nitrogen fugacities are assumed to be buffered by the coexisting Fe-Ti oxides and Cr-carlsbergite, respectively. Many features of the natural fluid inclusions, including (1) the occurrence of CO₂-N₂-rich graphite-absent fluid inclusions near peak M2 metamorphic conditions (927° C and 400 MPa), (2) the non-existence of intermediate ternary CO₂-CH₄-N₂ compositions and (3) the low-molar-volume CO₂-rich fluid inclusions (36–42 cm³ mol^?1), are reproduced in the calculated fluid system. The observed CO₂-CH₄-rich inclusions with minor N₂ (5 mol%) should also include a large proportion of H₂O according to the calculations. The absence of H₂O from these natural high-molar-volume CO₂-CH₄-rich inclusions and the occurrence of natural CH₄-N₂-rich inclusions are both assumed to result from preferential leakage of H₂O. This has been previously experimentally demonstrated for H₂O-CO₂-rich fluid inclusions, and has also been theoretically predicted. Fluid-deficient conditions may explain the relatively high molar volumes, but cannot be used to explain the occurrence of CH₄-N₂-rich inclusions and the absence of H₂O.